Management Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management Information Systems - Essay Example Moreover, virtual reality applies the use of head mounted display that accelerates immersion and eliminates any form of interference from the real world. Notably, augmented reality combine the use of real life images and the three major display techniques, unlike the virtual reality that displays graphic information on handheld display and physical objects (Viega, 2010). Question # 2 The augmented reality is more appealing to the marketers than virtual reality, since nearly everyone has already experienced it, and is appreciating its application. Moreover, it can be applied in numerous commercial fields including sports and games, image guided surgery in medical procedures, marketing among other industries sectors. Additionally, markers prefer AR technology since it can be manipulated to produce interesting images for interesting marketing especially the phone applications (Maclntosh, 2010). Question # 3 The augmented reality has found its applicability in the real estate marketing s ince it readily avails real estate information and listings using phone applications. Moreover, the incorporated phone applications are easy to use by the phone users e.g. in locating a real estate. Additionally, the AR technology has made it easy to use small photographs that can easily be incorporated in the phone applications showing the features of the real estate or the actual property. Other than the mentioned applications of AR technology, it can be used as maps incorporating routes within a section of the city, museum. Furthermore, it can be used in the hotel industry advertisement (Maclntosh, 2010). Reference Maclntosh R. S. (2010). â€Å"Portable Real Estate Listings with a Difference, â€Å"United States, NY: The New York Times. Viega A. (2010). â€Å"Augmented Reality For Real Estate Search,’ NY: Associated Press. Interactive Session: Management, â€Å"Piloting Valero with Real Time Management† Question # 1 The management team needs to address several is sues before developing the Valero’s dashboard. Among the issues is how efficient the dashboard will assist in the management of the organization (Henderson, 2009). How many managers will the dashboards availed in their offices? Moreover, if the dashboard is to be availed to the public, will the company records remain save? Additionally, will the dashboard compromise quality of production? Question # 2 The availability of the dashboard in the remote areas of the organization makes it possible for any form of deterioration of quality in the refining process to be easily identified and corrective measure taken as soon as possible (Kahn, 2010). Moreover, the dashboard quickly reveals the occurrence of any production measures thus quick corrective measures taken unlike undertaking manual operation to the plant in determining where the problem might have emerged. Question # 3 Since the dashboards are to be separated, each dashboard will only need to display certain information. For quality performance, the refining dashboard will only be required to display certain information for quality performance. The refining dashboard shows the information including history of production and the current production data (Kahn, 2010). This would facilitate comparison thus quality assessment and

Describe Your Own Leadership Style Essay Example for Free

Describe Your Own Leadership Style Essay Jim Collins and a group of 22 research associates conducted a five-year research project searching an answer on the question ‘how a company from merely good can be transformed to great one’ and identified that behind this transformation lies a level 5 leader. Level 5 leadership refers to the highest level in a hierarchy of manager’s capabilities. A level 5 leader transforms the organisation into a great institution through a paradoxical combination of personal humility plus professional will. Beneath Level 5 leaders, lie four other layers, each one appropriate in its own right but none with the power of Level 5. Level 1 leader is a high capable individual who plays an important role in the success of his organisation through his talent, knowledge, skills and good work habits. A level 2 leader is a contributing team member who is very good with his team members and ensures that his team meets its assigned objectives and fulfils the core purpose. A level 3 leader is a competent manager who is skilled at organising people and resources towards the effective and efficient pursuit of predetermined objectives. A level 4 leader is an effective leader. He sets high-level performance standards. He is remarkable at motivating his people and leading them towards realising his vision of the organisation. (Appendix 1, p. 11 summarises all levels of Collins’ Leadership Hierarchy) (Collins, J. (2005). Level 5 Leadership: The Triumph of Humility and Fierce Resolve, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 83. No. 7, p. 136-146) The purpose of this assignment is to conduct an evaluation of my own style of leadership within the organisation in which I work by using the above hierarchy as a frame of reference. In order to produce a thorough assessment on both my style and the usefulness of Collin’s model, a range of other theories and concepts must be taken into consideration. However, before proceeding to the analysis and evaluation, it would be helpful first to know the position I hold as well as its responsibilities within the organisation. A Brand Manager, member of the Marketing Department, is responsible for the planning, development and implementation of the Companys marketing activities, among others: Launching of new products, market research studies, promotional activities/materials, to organize and execute the raining programs for the Sales Force. In order to become an efficient and effective Brand manager, the company is requiring knowledge (good academic background), experience and managerial skills including: Strategic and analytic capabilities, entrepreneurial spirit, team player, and flexibility and strong skills in communication and leadership. The Idea of Leadership It is most likely to find a topic more important to business success today than leadership. Leadership is defined as the ability to influence people toward the achievement of goals. Leadership occurs among people, involves the use of influence and it is used to attain goals. Leaders are expected to persuade or inspire people, produce cooperative efforts and pursue goals. Leadership is different from management, though the two are easily confused. One may be a leader without being a manager and many managers cannot ‘lead a squad of seven- years –olds to the ice cream counter’ according to Gardner (1989). Gardner believes that there are several dimensions for distinguishing leadership from management. Leaders think long-term, look outside as well as inside and influence others regardless the position that they possess. In order to understand the idea of Leadership and which are the characteristics a leader usually has, studies and research have been conducted and several approaches to leadership styles as well as theories are arose. Some of them are going to be related to Collin’s Level 5 leadership hierarchy as well as to my own style of leadership. (Daft R. L. , Management, ch. 16, Leadership in Organisations , p. 514-515) Level 1 Leader The Leadership Traits Approach Leadership trait approach is the oldest approach to the study of leadership. From this approach occurs that there are certain qualities in some people that define them as leaders or potential leaders. Traits therefore are the distinguishing personal characteristics such as intelligence, values and appearance. Leaders extend their power and use their abilities to influence events. Effective leaders are usually more intelligent, more dependable, responsible and more active. They usually ask for more information and give out more information. However, the ppropriateness of a trait or a set of traits depends on the leadership situation. The same traits do not apply to every organisation or situation. (Appendix 2, p. 11 summarises the physical, social and personal leadership characteristics) On the contrary, Collin’s Hierarchy is consisted of several characteristics/ capabilities that most can be found also in the leadership trait approach such as knowledge, achievement to drive and working effectively with others in a group setting. However, two characteristics that are of great importance are not included in it. There are the most important ones and are a necessary requirement for transforming an organisation from good to great, humility and professional will. (Diploma in Management, Module book 1, section 6, Teams in Management, p. 6. 16) However, in order to understand in what extent these two concepts can be correlated, we can use ourselves as an example. For instance, my position requires being a highly capable individual (Collin’s Hierarchy Level 1). How can I accomplish this requirement? By demonstrating many of the personal traits such as intelligence, knowledge, judgement and cognitive ability. For instance, the products that I handle have intense competition. Good knowledge of the market as well as intelligent moves made them to differentiate from competition. The creation of a guideline for treatment at home as well as the delivery of the products at home gave a benefit to them. As a result, Doctors preferred to prescribe these products for long term use and hade great impact on the company’s name and reliability. When we speak of leadership, either we refer to the qualities/ competencies of an individual or we can refer to a function of organisation. The ‘trait’ theory of leadership- the traditional or popular management view of leadership- focuses on the concept that leadership is a quality or set of qualities particular to an individual. On the contrary, the group dynamics theory sees leadership as a function of organisation. Level 2 Leader Task versus people perspective styles Task versus people perspective styles of leadership do not take into consideration the organisation as a whole. They focus on teams. Every group of people has a task to accomplish. However, since groups are composed of people, several needs arise from them. According to the group dynamics theory of leadership, the person who adequately fulfils the needs that the group perceive to be the most important could be considered as an effective leader. A working team need to fulfil two functions. First, its formal tasks must be fulfilled. In order this to be accomplished; a set of competencies must be evolved. Technical knowledge, innovation and sense of achievement are related with the instrumental need to perform the tasks. Second, needs for affiliation, interaction and mutual support are usually observed within a team. Such needs are called expressive needs. The person who becomes leader must facilitate the satisfaction of some of the teams’ needs. This leader emerges to the group because he is the best able to help the group survive and succeed. ) (Master in Business Administration, Module book 3, section 1 The Theory of Leadership, p. 1. 7-1-11) According to Collin’s leadership hierarchy, the leader that is described in the group dynamics approach could be characterised as a level 2 leader. A contributing team member who is very good with his team members and ensures that his team meets its assigned objectives and fulfils the core purpose. Both group dynamics approach and Collins hierarchy are useful in helping us to see how leaders may relate to team members and to situations. (Collins, J. , (2005). Level 5 Leadership: The Triumph of Humility and Fierce Resolve, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 83. No. 7, p. 136-146) As a Brand Manager, one of my responsibilities to support our sales team by providing them with moderate amounts of detail and focus on why it is important for the team members to complete our objectives. However, I believe that co-owning the objective/action plan with team members and asking team members ideas as well as offering my own ideas is more efficient and can lead us easier to our goals. Besides, It is better to have, for instance, five people to think rather than one. Therefore, I strongly believe that teamwork can lead to better results. Level 3 Leader The Contingency Theory According to contingency models, leadership depends as much on the situation of the group as on the leader himself or herself. Thus, we have a choice; either the leader can fit to the situation or change effectively the situation to fit the leader. As we can understand, leadership is different for first-level supervisors than for chief executives and the kind of leadership needed for skilled and highly motivated followers may not work for followers who are alienated and untrained. According to Fiedler, contingency model divides the leadership situation into three variables. In order to determine the most effective leadership style, we must consider the inter-relationship of the three contingencies: leader – member relations, task- structure and position power. 1. Leader – member relations, where mutual trust, respect and open communication exist and can be consider as advantageous. This means that tasks are clear and structured and members are aware of the power the leader holds. On the other hand, where there is little or no trust, respect of communication, then the relationship can be characterised as disadvantageous (control over the situation is needed and a focus on a task will not detract from the leaders/ team relationship because this is not essential to start with. 2.  Task- structure, when work is highly structured and easy to know when somebody has not complied with an instruction and it is easy to impose sanctions. However, when work is unstructured, leaders cannot enforce compliance with external controls and therefore, the leader has much less power than when work is highly structured. 3. Position power, is the extent to which a leader has formal authority over the followers. When position power is high then the leader has the power to plan and direct the work of followers, evaluate it and accordingly reward or punish it. On the other hand, when position power is low, the leader has little authority over followers. (Appendix 3, p. 11 presents Fiedler’s examination on how Leader Style fits the situation) Finally, according to Fiedler, task-oriented leaders tend to be more effective in situations that are either highly advantageous or highly disadvantageous to them and that relationship-oriented leaders tend to be more effective in situations that are moderately advantageous to them. (Bolman,L. G. , Terrence,D. E. , Reframing Organisations, Ch. , Reframing Leadership, p. 342-344) According to Collin, a level 3 leader is a competent manager who is skilled at organising people and resources towards the effective and efficient pursuit of predetermined objectives. However, as it is showed above, an efficient leader must differ from situation to situation or from team to team, according to its special characteristics. Analysing a level 3 leader in correlation with Contingency theory, we understand tha t a level 3 leader should consider both leader –member relations and tasks. Predetermined objectives cannot be achieved, if mutual trust, respect and open communication do not exist in a team and if tasks are not highly structured and followers do not know precisely their responsibilities. However, we must never ignore the extent to which a leader has formal authority over the followers. (Collins, J. , (2005). Level 5 Leadership: The Triumph of Humility and Fierce Resolve, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 83. No. 7, p. 136-146) For instance, according to my position, my everyday contact is with the sales team. According to my opinion, it is clear that trust, respect as well as open communication and mutual understanding exist within our team. One of the responsibilities of my position is to organise in some extent, their work by indicating them what is our goal and how we can reach it, with what tools and where we want to focus. Another one is to monitor our products sales and ask questions whenever I believe it is necessary. However, my position power is not as high as to evaluate them and reward or punish them accordingly.

Bolivia †Privatization or Nationalization? Essay -- Economics Politi

Bolivia – Privatization or Nationalization? Bolivia was once a rich and prosperous country but is now one of the poorest nations in the world. The economy of Bolivia used to be rich in agriculture and mining but now searches to find something prosperous again. Privatization of certain companies has started in the country but was expelled when mass protests began. The companies’ prices are too high and the people used their culture and history to get rid of them. The Cochabamba protests of 2000 and the Bolivian gas referendum of 2004 are a couple of examples that show the power the people of Bolivia have over their own government. The History of Bolivia Bolivia is a landlocked country in South America. It borders many countries including Chile, Peru, Argentina, and Brazil. Bolivia is part of the Andean region and has been inhabited for almost 20,000 years. The Tiwanakan people inhabited the area until about 1200 A.D. In which the Incas to over and ruled the area until the Spanish conquest showed its power throughout all of South America. Both cultures have greatly influenced the life of a Bolivian citizen. The Spanish held their power of Bolivia until it claimed its independence in 1809. Bolivia went to war with Spain for many years and final won on August 6, 1825. Bolivia, although independent, could never regain its steps. The governments from here on out were all very weak and only hurt the country as a whole. Many countries saw this weakness including Chile who went to war with Bolivia in the War of the Pacific (1879-1883). Up until this point Chile had a coast but the loss of this war also was the loss of the coastl ine and Bolivia then became a landlocked country. After this Bolivia found its... ... government which intern will make the right decisions for the country of Bolivia. These will only be a stepping stone in helping Bolivia reform its economy and reinstate them as a wealthy nation. Works Cited 1. Answers.com. â€Å"Bolivian Gas War.† http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery? method=4&dsid=2222&dekey=Bolivian+Gas+War&gwp=8&curtab=2222_1 2. Bolivia Web. â€Å"Cochabamba.† http://www.boliviaweb.com/cities/cbba.htm 3. Explainthatinfo.com. â€Å"Cochabamba protest of 2000.† http://www.explainthat.info/co/cochabamba-protests-of-2000.html 4. Infosearchpoint.com. â€Å"Privatization.† http://www.infosearchpoint.com/display/Privatization 5. Watkins, Thayer. â€Å"San Jose State University Economics Department.† http://www2.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/bolivia.htm 6. World66. â€Å"History.† http://www.world66.com/southamerica/bolivia/history

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Past research shows violent video game exposure increases aggressive thoughts angry feelings physiological arousal aggressive behaviors. The present study examined the effect of violent video on aggression. It is said that Boys would be more aggressive due to violence as compared to girls. It was hypothesized that there would be high score on aggression after watching violent video and boys would be more aggressive due to violence as compared to girls. I used Buss-Perry aggression questionnaire to measure aggression level of male and female. The sample of the study included 40 adults of 21-27 years of age. There were 20 males and 20 females. There is a highly significant mean difference between pre (M =118. 45, SD =23. 184) and post (M =130. 97, SD =29. 527, *p < . 000) test of aggression in adults with respect to total. There is also a highly significant mean difference between pre (M = 125. 15, SD = 21. 25) and post (M = 136. 40, SD = 25. 109, *p< . 00) test of aggression in men and pre (M = 111. 75, SD = 23. 59) and post (M = 125. 55, SD = 33. 12, *p < . 000) test of aggression in women. First participants were given aggression questionnaire before and after watching the violent video. The results indicated that there is significant relationship of watching video on aggression and men scored high on aggression scale than women. I used paired sample t-test technique to measure the significant mean difference between pre and postt est of aggression in adults.

Effect of endorsement advertisement on rural vs. urban youth buying behavior Essay

In today’s highly competitive markets, big brands are at logger-heads when it comes to products being offered, each having a similar product to that of a rival. Where does one brand gain that quintessential advantage – advertising, service, promise of trust, or even the all important price factors? Advertising seems to be the best platform where brands prefer to compete on – right from hiring the best advertising agencies to getting the biggest celebrities. Celebrity endorsement is a special type of advertisement which includes a famous person from film fraternity, athletes, and sports, modeling world etc. It helps in promoting the Brand and also increasing the sales of the product. Celebrity endorsement has not developed in recent years, it is being used since the days of Lux and Dabur Amla Hair Oil. This type of marketing strategy is used to promote the Brand and has proved in itself a boon in advertising world. However, it is very expensive to endorse a celebrity for a product but in the long run it has helped in enhancing the Brand Image. Celebrities are also interested in endorsing themselves as they get highly compensated and their visibility also increase. Infact several celebrities from bollywood use these advertisements for Promoting their new releases and also vice-versa. India is a country where people are star-struck by film stars, cricketers, politicians, and even criminals. Why? Population of 1 billion and ticking, everyday people need something or someone to look up to. A sense of security, admiration, comfort, familiarity, and above all, someone they aspire to be at some hidden level in their lives. And clever marketers leverage this very  celebrity appeal and are successfully carrying out their jobs by giving the bottom lines of all the brands what they want – profit, market share and even recall. But how much star power is too much? â€Å"Does Amitabh really use Boro Plus† And â€Å"Does Salman Khan really uses Wheel† asked a 6 year old to her mother. Her mother laughs and says, â€Å"No way, just a gimmick.† What does that do to the brand? Many companies have had considerable success using celebrities as spokesperson, both endorser image serve as mediators in the equity-creation process of celebrity product endorsement (Seno and Lukas, 2007). Product attitude was predicted by inferences about the endorser’s liking for the product and by attitudes towards the endorser (Silvera and Austad, 2004). When however respondents are exposed to negative information about a celebrity endorser, a negative transference of affect in the endorsement relationship may also occur. When the situation is reversed and the respondents are exposed to negative information about the brand, the transference of affect is mitigated (White et al., 2009). Businesses have long sought to distract the attention of the potentials customers that live in a world of ever increasing commercial bombardment. Everyday consumers are exposed to thousands of voices and images in magazines, newspaper, and on billboards, websites, radio and television. Every brand attempts to steal a fraction of an unsuspecting person’s time to inform him or her of the amazing and different attributes of the product at hand. Because of the constant media saturation that most people experience daily, they eventually become numb to the standard marketing techniques. The challenge of the marketer is to hook the subject’s attention. 3 This is true for the classic forms of celebrity, like Film Stars (eg. Amitabh Bachchan, Shahrukh Khan, Rani Mukherjee, Aamir Khan and Pierce Brosnan). Models (e.g., Malaika Arora, Lisa Ray , Naomi Campbell, Gisele Buendchen etc)., Sports Figures (e.g., Sachin Tendulkar, Mahendra Singh Dhoni, Virander Sehwag, Rahul Dravid, Zaheer Khan , Steve Waugh, etc). Entertainers (e.g. Cyrus Broacha, Oprah winfrey, Conan O’Brien), and Pop-Stars (e.g., Madonna, David Bowie) – but also for less obvious groups like Businessmen (e.g., Donald Trump, Bill Gates) or politicians. Celebrities appear in public in different ways. First, they appear in public when fulfilling their profession, e.g., Viswanathan Anand, who plays chess in front of the audience. Further, celebrities appear in public by attending special celebrity events, e.g., award ceremonies, inauguration or world premier of movies. In addition, they present themselves in news, fashion, magazines, and tabloids’, which provide second information on events and the ‘private life ‘of celebrities through mass-media channel (e.g., Smriti Irani being regular feature in various publications). Last but not the least, celebrities act as spokes-person in advertising to promote products and services, which is referred to celebrity endorsement. For Instance: ï‚ · Vodafone signed Irfan Khan for advertisement of Sim cards. ï‚ · Tennis sensation Sania Mirza was appointed to increase the sales of ‘Bournvita energy drinks’. ï‚ · ‘ITC’ roped in Deepika Padukone for promotion of its soap named ‘Fiama di Wills’. ï‚ · Famous Brand ‘Veet’ roped in Katrina Kaif as its Brand ambassador. ï‚ · Shahrukh Khan has been chosen by Big Brands for their Advertisement which includes ‘Dish TV’ and ‘Airtel’. ï‚ · M.S Dhoni and Baichung Bhutia for ‘Project Tiger of Aircel’. Companies spend huge amount of money on Celebrities to sell anything from a candy, hair oil, soaps, colas, pens, paints, automobiles etc. Most companies know that celebrities have an appeal and a Brand can be best helped to reach out to the masses. 4 2.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE The use of testimonials by advertisers dates back to the 19th century when medicines were patented. Firms have been juxtaposing their brands and themselves with celebrity endorsers (e.g., athletes, actors) in the hope that celebrities may boost effectiveness of their marketing. The late ’80s saw the beginning of celebrity endorsements in advertising in India. Hindi film and TV stars as well as sportspersons began encroaching on a territory  that was, until then, the exclusive domain of models. There was a spurt of advertising, featuring stars like Tabassum (Prestige pressure cookers), Jalal Agha (Pan Parag), Kapil Dev (Palmolive Shaving Cream) and Sunil Gavaskar (Dinesh Suitings). Of course, probably the first ad to cash in on star power in a strategic, long-term, mission statement kind of way was for Lux soap always endorsing the latest hit actress. A brand which has, perhaps as a result of this, been among the top three in the country for much of its lifetime. Today, the use of celebrity advertising has become a trend and a winning formula of corporate image building and product marketing. It provides empirical evidence demonstrating that attitudes can be affected in such a way. The impact of Tiger Woods tournament performance on the endorsing firm’s value subsequent to the contract signing was examined. No relationship was found between Tiger’s tournament placement and the excess returns of Fortune brands. No significant relationship was found for American Express, suggesting the market does not view a golfer endorsing financial services as credible. However, a positive relationship and significant impact of tiger’s performance on Nike’s excess returns was found suggesting that the market values the additional publicity that Nike receives when Tiger is in contention to win (Farrell et al., 2000). Some marketers choose to utilize multiple celebrities to promote their Brands. Fit between the endorsed product and various celebrities is a key factor for using multiple celebrity endorser in advertising (Hsu et al., 2002). The use of celebrity endorser in advertising is wide spread – as much as 20 percent of all advertising use some type of celebrity endorser. Marketers invest significance dollars in securing the promotional support of well-known individuals (Till, 1998). Products which are ultimately sold by retailers are endorsed more frequently by celebrities in certain sports than others (Lear et al., 2009). The importance of fit between the endorser and the endorsed product has been described as the â€Å"Match-up Hypothesis†, research has focused on physical attraction (Till and Busler 1998). Celebrities can be used to gain attention and maintain sales, while spokesperson’s effectiveness is in establishing a lifelong link with the product (Tom et al., 1992). 5 The perusal of above mentioned studies makes it very clear that endorsements advertisement does have strong impacts on consumers. The present paper has taken a leaf from these studies and has proceeded for an empirical investigation, into a Region-Wise Impact of Celebrity Endorsement which is presented subsequently. 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research problems tend to be different from one another and so it requires own special emphasis and different approach. Since the entire research problem is unique in some ways, the research process has to be typically customized. All the steps adopted in the research have been elaborated in the following sections. 3.1 Statement of the problem The present paper aims at finding the extent to which endorsement advertising has been successful to influence the buyer behaviour across Urban and Rural groups. The research problem investigated herein has been precisely defined asâ€Å"Effectiveness of Endorsement Advertisement on Rural vs. Urban Youth buying behaviour†. 3.2 Objectives 1. To study the likeability of the endorsement advertising. 2. To study as to what extent endorsement advertising impact the consumer behaviour towards endorsed Brands. 3. To comparatively study the Impact of endorsement advertisement on Rural vs. Urban Buyer Behaviour. 3.3 Hypothesis In order to ensure effective analysis and understanding of data collected for the purpose of this study, the following hypothesis have been framed: 1 H0: There is no specific impact of celebrity endorsements in Advertising on Youth. 2 H1: There is no significant difference between Urban and Rural Youth with respect to effectiveness of endorsement in advertising. 3.4 Research Design The present research is descriptive in nature as it aims at comparatively studying whether endorsement advertising has an impact on Youth buyer behaviour. It also aims to find out as to what type of consumers in terms of locality is more 6 influenced by endorsements. Information has been collected from the respondent with the help of a structured questionnaire. The universe of the study is the state of Haryana covering both cities and small villages. Since it was not feasible to study the entire region, the researcher drew a sample. 3.5 Sampling Design and Sampling Technique Nine hundred eighty questionnaires were administered. Fifty questionnaires were found to be incomplete and hence were excluded in the final data. Therefore, data from nine hundred thirty respondents have been collected and analyzed. Due care has been taken to ensure that enough number of Urban and Rural respondents be included in the sample. 3.6 Data Collection Method In the present study, Structured Questionnaire method has been used to collect the data. In some case, particularly in case of semi-literate/illiterate respondents, personal interview technique was used to draw out information as per the questionnaire. 3.7 Scaling of Items A five point Likert’s scale from â€Å"Strongly Agree† to â€Å"Strongly Disagree† was used to measure the response to each statement (Items). 3.8 Tools of Data Analysis The data collected have been duly tabulated and classified. Thereafter it has been analyzed with the help of simple percentage technique to describe the present status of respondents. Chi-square test has been used by the researcher to study the association between various variables as well as to study the association between quantitative and qualitative variables. 7 Table 1.1 PROFILE OF RESPONDENTS Sr.No Percent N Percent 243 41.39 126 36.73 369 39.67 20-24 184 31.34 116 33.81 300 32.25 24-28 2) N 16-20 1) Profile of Respondents Age (in yrs) Urban (587) 160 27.25 101 29.44 261 28.06 Location Rural (343) Urban Total (930) Percent Rural N % N % 587 63.11 343 36.89 Percent 3) Occupation N Percent N 197 141 144 105 33.56 24.02 24.53 17.88 99 78 88 78 4) Students Self-Employed Business Housewife Gender N % 56.98 N Percent 28.86 296 22.74 219 21.28 229 16.90 183 Female Male 530 N N 400 % 43.02 INTERPRETATION: 1) The Profile of respondents as depicted in Table 1.1 shows that majority of them i.e. 243 respondents almost 42% fall in the category of age bracket of 16 to 20 years. 2) As the study was done to take the opinion of both Urban and Rural audience the data collected revealed 587 (63.11 %) respondents from urban areas as compared to 343 (36.89%) respondents from rural areas and suburb have been studied. 3) Majority of the respondents who were a part of this survey constituted of students (31.82%), followed by Businessman (24.62%) and Self-employed (23.54%). 4) Due importance was given to take response from both male and female respondents and hence 400 (43.02%) females participated in this survey as against 530 (65.98%) males. 8 31.82 23.54 24.62 19.67 ANALYSIS [S =Sample Standard Deviation] XU = 29.91 XR = 28.34 nU = 587 SU = 8.49 SR = 7.82 nR = 343 HÐ ¾:  µ1 =  µ2 (i.e. there is no significant difference between Urban & Rural with respect to effectiveness of endorsement in advertising) H1:  µ1 =  µ2 (Two tail test) USING Z – TEST At 5% level of significance, the critical value of Z = 1.96 for two tail test. Since calculated value is greater than critical value (Table-value) of Z, we reject HÐ ¾ in favour of H1 and conclude that there is a significant difference between Urban & Rural with respect to effectiveness of endorsement in advertising. 9 Table 1.2 Distribution of Respondents as Regards Attitude Indicators Sr. Indicators Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly No. Disagree Urban 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Celebrity Advertisement is more noticeable. Celebrity Advertisement have high recall rate. Celebrity Advertisement positively motivates audience for product purchase. Audience enjoys watching Celebrity Advertisement. Audience have positive attitude towards product having Celebrity Advertisement. Celebrity Advertisement are remembered for a long time. Use of Celebrity Advertisement enhances the credibility of Brands. Celebrity Advertisement is used when brand performance is poor. 10 Urban Rural N % 1) Rural Urban Rural N N % N % % N % N % 214 23.0 170 18.2 97 10.4 48 N Rural % N % Rural N % N % 5.1 88 46 4.9 101 10.8 31 4.3 143 15.3 100 10.7 117 12.5 62 6.67 103 11.0 49 5.2 123 10.2 67 7.2 101 10.8 65 6.9 147 15.8 103 11.0 123 13.2 102 10.9 114 12.2 34 3.6 100 9.7 8.8 54 6.3 5.91 110 11.8 70 7.5 112 12.0 70 7.5 140 15.05 103 11.0 114 12.2 102 10.9 118 12.6 34 3.6 108 11.6 50 5.3 107 11.5 54 5.8 165 17.74 111 11.9 139 14.9 101 10.8 100 10.7 50 5.37 95 10.2 40 4.30 88 9.4 41 4.4 147 15.8 7.4 120 12.9 70 7.52 120 12.9 84 9.03 100 10.7 60 6.4 100 10.7 60 6.4 120 12.90 100 10.7 140 15.0 76 8.17 128 13.7 51 5.48 104 11.1 61 6.5 105 11.2 55 5.9 69 4.3 85 9.13 55 9.4 Urban 9.3 48 180 19.35 108 11.6 100 10.7 40 5.1 87 Urban 50 6.4 103 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) Celebrity Advertisement ignores product quality/feature. Customers only remember celebrities & not brands in Advertising. Use of Celebrity in advertisement increase the cost of brand sold in market. Poorly performing celebrity affects the brand perception negatively. Social ideas may be promoted well by celebrities. 11 154 16.5 91 9.7 100 10.7 65 6.9 118 12.6 77 8.2 110 11.8 55 5.9 105 11.2 55 5.9 150 16.2 135 14.5 126 13.5 94 10.1 120 12.9 50 5.37 95 10.2 25 2.6 96 10.3 39 4.1 200 21.5 115 12.3 145 15.5 80 8.06 90 9.6 40 4.3 77 8.2 43 4.62 75 8.06 65 6.9 194 20.8 103 11.0 131 14.0 76 8.17 102 10.9 69 7.41 95 10.2 35 3.7 65 6.9 60 6.4 146 15.6 109 11.7 132 14.1 104 11.1 133 14.3 57 6.13 91 9.7 33 3.5 85 9.13 40 4.3 ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION: 1) According to the analysis Shown in the table 1.2 it was found that majority 529 (56.88%) of the respondents including 311 (33.44%) from Urban segment and 218 (23.44%) from Rural segment were in the favor of this statement and hence it was proved that celebrity advertisement is more noticeable. 2) Analysis of Second indicator shows that majority of the respondents 422 (45.37%) including 260 (27.95%) from Urban segment and 162 (17.41%) from Rural segment believe that celebrity advertisement do have high recall rate. 3) As can be analyzed in table 1.2 it is seen that 475 (51.07%) respondents including 270 (29.03%) from Urban segment and 205 (22.04%) from Rural segment strongly feel that if the product is being endorsed by any celebrity it motivates the audience for purchasing that product. 4) Analysis shows that 428 (46.02%) respondents including 280 (30.10%) from Urban segment and 148 (15.91%) from Rural segment enjoys watching celebrity advertisement as it is evident from the above interpretation. 5) However, it was also seen that a total of 459 (49.35%) respondents which included 254 (27.31%) from Urban Segment and 205 (22.04%) from Rural segment do have positive attitude towards product having celebrity advertisement and they enjoyed watching such advertisements. 6) Study revealed this fact that majority 516 (55.48%) of respondents including 304 (32.68%) From Urban Segment and 212 (22.79%) from Rural segment felt that celebrity advertisements are remembered for a long time as they have a strong appeal in the minds of consumers and consumers correlate the products by their favourite celebrity. 7) According to the study conducted it was found 406 (43.65%) respondents including 267 (28.70%) from Urban segment and 139(14.94%) from Rural segment believe that generally celebrity advertisements enhance the credibility of the brands. 12 8) Analysis revealed that 436 (46.88%) respondents including 260 (27.95%) from Urban segment and 176 (18.92%) from Rural segment felt that companies generally used celebrity advertisements when their brands performance is poor and it is difficult for them to sustain their brand in the market. 9) It was evident from the study that 410 (44.08%) respondents including 254 (27.31%) from Urban segment and 156 (16.77%) from Rural Segment felt that that Celebrity Advertisement ignores product quality or any kind of features in it. 10) Accordingly it was found that 505 (54.30%) customers including 276 (29.67%) from Urban segment and 229 (24.62%) from Rural segment only remember the celebrity in that advertisement and somehow tends to forget the brand this shows the power of Celebrities which generally overshadows the Brand. 11) According to the study conducted it was found that majority of the respondents 540 (58.06%) including 345 (37.09%) from Urban segment and 195 (20.96%) from Rural segment felt that if a celebrity is used to advertise a product it however means that it will increase the cost of brand in the market. 12) However with reference to the study conducted majority of the respondents 504 (54.19%) including 325 (34.94%) from Urban segment and 179 (19.24%) from Rural segment felt that a poor performing celebrity does affect the brand perception negatively even if it is their favorite actor, actress or cricketer. 13) According to the study conducted majority of the respondents 491(52.73%) including 278 (29.89%) from Urban segment and 213 (22.90%) from Rural segment felt that the celebrities are perfect alibi when it comes to promoting social ideas. N.B- All the figures mentioned in the above Analysis & Interpretation is the accumulation of Strongly Agree and Agree Variables. 13 Table 1.3 TABLE OF INTERPRETATION Level of Significance – .05 ATTITUDE INDICATORS 1) Celebrity Advertisement is more noticeable. 2) Celebrity Advertisement have high recall rate. 3) Celebrity Advertisement positively motivates audience for product purchase. 4) Audience enjoys watching Celebrity Advertisement. 5) Audience have positive attitude towards product having Celebrity Advertisement. 6) Celebrity Advertisements are remembered for a long time. 7) Use of Celebrity Advertisement enhances the credibility of Brands. 8) Celebrity Advertisement is used when brand performance is poor. 9) Celebrity Advertisement ignores product quality/feature. 10) Customers only remember celebrities & not brands in Advertising. 11) Use of Celebrity in advertisement increase the cost of brand sold in market. 12) Poorly performing celebrity affects the brand perception negatively. 13) Social ideas may be promoted well by celebrities. 14 CHI-SQUARE VALUE 20.54 Hypothesis Accepted 4.28303 Accepted 22.4396 Accepted 5.05116 Accepted 29.466 Accepted 9.402 Accepted 3.9368 Accepted 64.66 Accepted 2.349 Accepted 37.745 Accepted 8 Accepted 13.67623 Accepted 19.764 Accepted DECLARATION This is to certify that the paper is the original work of the authors and has not been submitted elsewhere. For any violation of the copyrights, the author shall bear the sole responsibility. Signature (1st author) 15 (2nd author) BIBLIOGRAPHY Journals and other Articles 1) Brian D.Till (1998) â€Å"Using celebrity endorsers effectively: lessons from associative learning† Journal of Product and Brand Management, Vol: 7, No. 5, Pp: 400-409. 2) Brian D.Till, Michael Busler (1998) â€Å"Matching products for endorsers: attractiveness versus expertise† Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol: 15, No. 6, Pp: 576-586. 3) Chung-kue Hsu, Daniella Mcdonald (2002) â€Å"An examination on multiple celebrity endorser in advertising† Journal of Product and Brand Management, Vol: 11, No. 1, Pp: 19-29. 4) Darin W.White, Lucretia Goddard, Nick Wilbur (2009) â€Å"the effect of negative information transference in the celebrity endorsement relationship† International journal of retail & distribution Management, Vol: 37, No. 4, Pp: 322-335. 5) David h.Silvera, Benedikte Austad (2004) â€Å"Factors predicting the effectiveness of celebrity endorsement advertisements† European Journal of Marketing, Vol: 38, No. 11/12, Pp: 1509-1526. 6) Diana Seno, Bryan A.Lukas (2007) â€Å"The equity effect of product endorsement by celebrities: A conceptual framework from a co-branding perspective† European Journal of Marketing, Vol: 41, No. 1/2, Pp: 121-134. 7) Kathleen A.Farrell, Gordon V.Karels, Kenneth W. Montfort (2000) â€Å"Celebrity performance and endorsement value: the case of tiger woods† Managerial Finance, Vol: 26, No. 7, Pp: 1-15. 16 8) Karen E.Lear,Rodney C.Runyan,William H.Whitaker (2009) â€Å"Sports celebrity endorsements in retail products advertising† International journal of retail & distribution management, Vol: 37, No. 4, Pp: 308-321. 9) Gail Tom, Rebecca Clark, Laura Elmer, Edward Grech, Joseph Masetti, Jr., Harmona Sandhar (1992) â€Å"The use of created versus celebrity spokespersons in advertisements† Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol: 9, No. 4, Pp: 45-51. Media 1) Set Max viewed From 12th March 2010-17th March 2010. 2) Star Gold viewed From 9th March 2010- 14th March 2010. 3) Zee Cinema viewed From 2nd March 2010- 6th March 2010. 4) Channel V viewed From 18th Feb 2010- 24th Feb 2010. 5) NDTV News Viewed From 13th March 2010- 17th March 2010.

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As our  hero races towards it, we are treated to a rather mathematical description of what is happening around him through the viewpoint of a buzzard, again giving the impression that this is something Joe has been recollecting and scrutinizing since it took place, looking at it from all angles, therefore giving it even more importance. The only clue we are given is the narrator revealing that the event about to take place is a fall, but whos? While Joe rushes to the scene, so too do others; John Logan, family doctor, wife and two children; Joseph Lacey, captain of his local bowls team, living alone with his wife; Toby Greene, farm labourer with a reliant mother; James Gadd, wife and mentally handicapped child; Jed Perry, twenty eight and living on an inheritance. Harry Gadd, ten years of age. Thanks to these short but informative introductions we now have empathy with all of McEwans characters. Someone is to die, but who would we rather it be? Greene? Unspeakable, for that would leave his mother (no doubt a meek and feeble old woman) alone in the world. Logan? What of his widow, children and patients? It is to be one of these characters, and we are reminded this by the mention of the coroners inquest, but who? The automatic assumption is that it is to be the child, and this red herring is another of McEwans tactics of hooking the reader into the novel and making it impossible to put down. An important aspect of this first chapter is the way in which the narrator delays in giving us this information. He himself admits to it, to holding back, yet he uses language such as fatal, aftermath and catastrophe to hint to an imminent death of someone. This technique is echoed in the way McEwan lingers on the period of time before the disaster, recounting the day from the very beginning. This causes a build-up of tension, it is almost like when watching a soap opera; the events to come are revealed at the start, and then the story commences from before they take place. This method causes the readers to feel impatient, almost wanting to skip ahead to see what happens, but too engrossed in the story, anxious for, yet dreading the moment in which the shout is heard. Phrases such as other outcomes were still possible again add to the feeling of impending doom; other outcomes were possible, but they did not take place, this collision of men all intent on helping the distressed was futile. It is in these ways that McEwan succeeds in creating suspense that demands a kind of physical courage from the reader to continue reading, by using detail, delay and decoy. The first chapter is no doubt one of the most effective openings of any narrative, making it not only unforgettable, but achieving exactly what McEwan intended it to; the undivided and unconditional attention of the reader.

Competitive Analysis For Dell Corporation

Competitive Analysis For Dell Corporation Michael Dell established Dell Corporation in 1984 in Austin, Texas, with an exceptional idea of selling computers having direct linkage to consumers; Dell is able to meet the computing needs of their customers effectively and efficiently. Now every day Dell connects with more than 5.4 million customers, through several ways like phone, in person, on Dell.com and most importantly through social networking websites, All over the world Dells almost 96,000 workers are dedicated to making technological work effective for communities and customers. It is one of the motive of Dell is make available the technology more easy to get to people and other organizations all over the world. Dells every day shipment is more than 110,000 computer systems to customers in almost 180 countries. Dells Customers to achieve the more Dell is united, to meet the needs of big corporations, public oriented institutions (healthcare centres, educational institution and government ets), SMEs, and the most important Dells customers. Dell have almost 41,000 Services group members in 90 countries,  60 centres of technical support, and seven centres of global command committed to helping their customers to use the up-to-date technology to meets their businesss needs and goals. There is no doubt that Dell is on the top in the satisfaction of customers by providing the extraordinary services like on site response, on site expertise and phone supports, said the Corporate IT users. From  the Classrooms  to  Virtual Labs, primary schools to universities are arranging  Dells specifically educational technological solutions, making Dell the number one source of providing laptops, notebooks and desktops computers to education in quite a lot of countries all over the world. As being a top rated IT Services provider of the world, Dell helps in the medical profession to set free the strength of technology to help for the better improvement regarding patients. Dell is the top rated  supplier of Personal computers to lSE all over the world and the top rated  supplier to public customers in the U.S. Dell deals with 98% of Fortune 500 corporations. As being on the 2nd in the rating of supplying computer to customers of education sector Dell is devoted to help teachers, admin, students connects the streangth of IT to broad learning. Dell is covering the SME as approx. 10 million small units deals with Dell through which It got high rank in U.S. No doubt that Dell is trusted greatly by customers regarding their corporations IT needs. Dell is on the top in providing the SCSI (ISCSI) solution of storage around the world and also number 1 in providing X86 server in U.S. Dells customers are able to deal with more than 60,000 registered partners of Dell and are certified to function as their Agents. Connecting with the Customers through internet Dell started online selling in 1996 on Dell.com and now they have smore than 4million website visitors daily, which results in an order got online in almost every 2 seconds. In this era Dell.com is dealing in 166 countries and in 34 languages all over the world, dell is on the no. 3 of the top five search engines and it is second most reputed brand in social media activities for depth and breadth. Dell social Web community have more than 3.5 million members, the community includes Dell outlets on twitter Dell.com, Face book, Orkut (brazil) SINA and other websites. Dell introduced idea Stormâ„ ¢ in 2007, a place where people can share their thoughts, ideas and can also vote for the one they like Dell got ideas and those ideas also implemented about 400 ideas executed by Dell. Visitors of Dell are allowed to read and participate to more than 100,000 reviews of products. Financial Information For FY 2011, in third quarter finished 29, Oct, 2010 Dells Revenue was approx. $15.4 billion and the operating income  was about $1.02 billion. Dells Net income in 3rd quarter of fiscal year 2010  was $822 million and retribution per share was $0.42. (http://content.dell.com/uk/en/corp/d/corp-comm/our-story-facts-about-dell.aspx). Competition Dell is no doubt is operating in an industry where there is a rapid change in technology and innovations in hardware and software, services and the competition among products and prices and all the related areas of business from our standard competitors. Dell compete with its competitors with its competitive ability of giving profitable and good solutions to their customers that provide the new and required product features with customer services, a standard quality and reliability. All this is only possible due our direct linkage with our customers, which proves the best way of getting the information about the changing needs and wants of customers more efficiently than any other company. No doubt that this strong and healthy connection between Dell and its customers and the understanding of customers needs offers Dell a competitive advantage. By IDC, Dell grew 0.2 points of share by calendar 2008 as Dells 11.1% increase in units outpaced the companys general growth of computer syst em which is 9.7%. in the share was due to a well overall performance in half FY 2009 followed by a decrease in units shipments in dells business in last 6 months of FY 2009. Which was somewhat equalized by the potency in our globalized business. Dells growth of commercial businesss units was slow which shows their decision in an erode demand atmosphere to enable the growth in units while saving the profitability. For the duration of the second half of FY 2009, the intact business faces a difficult IT end-user demand situation as present economic situation impacted on global customer ways of spending. The companies like technology grow by increasing their offerings and piercing new natural features. For achieving this level of growth, companies will bring innovation and will also lesser price. Dells capability to sustain or increase market share is predicated on our capability to be competitive on product functionality, quality and geographic saturation, and pricing. Furthermore, The efforts of Dell to equalize its mixes of services and variety of products to optimize profitability, elasticity, and chances of growth may affect the position of Dells market share in short term. In the last of the FY 2009, Dell by sustaining its position in the market remained the top rated supplier in personal computers in U.S and worldwide was at 2nd position. (http://i.dell.com/sites/content/corporate/secure/en/Documents/FY09_SECForm10K.pdf). Competitors When we talk about the competitors, comparatively Dells growth in Q4 of FY2009 was low which 11.5% is and growth of its competitors like HP grew 19.8% market growth and Acer was at 13.5%. Dells growth compared to its 13.35 in the 4th quarter in 2008 was also short. This is the main feature of the high growth rate in the last 7 years in the personal computer selling market, even though the last quarter of 2008 was not so good because of economic critical situation. Whereas some other competitors like Lenovo and Toshiba is concerned comparatively to Dell they were at low point of growth rate which was like Lenovo 8.7% and Toshiba 5.3%. The growth of mobile PCs like net books and notebooks was low in the personal computers selling market. Dells main strength is that it deals in commercial and communal sector so with the intension of preserving its profit Dell refuse to become a part of price war in the personal computer market. Prelim worldwide PC vendor unit ships for Q4 2009 (thousands of units) Company Q4 09 Mkt Share Q4 08 Mkt Share HP 17,792.2 19.8% 14,239.9 19.3% Acer 12,188.2 13.5% 8,612.7 11.7% Dell 10,397.1 11.5% 9,839.3 13.3% Lenovo 7,836.5 8.7% 5,509.3 7.5% Toshiba 4,811.9 5.3% 3,668.1 5% Others 37,008.5 41.1% 31,855.4 43.2% Total 90,034.5 100% 73,724.7 100% HP became a top rated compute seller in US, defeating Dell. Dell struggle to sustain its in the market. By this the US 5 top rated vendors were HP, Acer, Dell, Lenovo and Toshiba. (http://www.techeye.net/hardware/dell-continues-to-bleed-market-share). Conclusion The World largest PC manufacturer HP is using the retail channel strategy through which HP hit dells Sales and its profit, And showed the first-quarter profit of fiscal year 2008. The results estimated on orders for PCs, servers and storage by topped analysts shows that HPs strategy (to depend on the network of retailers) is working very well. They gave a wonderful option to touch the machines before purchasing and this option is helping HP to win customers .To add more HPs PCs and notebook are sold more than 110,000 stores. This is 10 times greater than Dell. Dell has its PCs selling not more than 10,000 stores. Even in terms of notebook and desktop models offered through retailers, HP offers them twice as many as Dell does. To Shoppers, therefore have more choice. Recommendation Dell uses direct sale strategy which is very good but not able to give the competitive edge to HP so I believe that Dell should also follow the same strategy as HP to win the customer back and to get success.

External Research Essay -- essays research papers

The External Business Environment Today, business has evolved into highly competitive industries who offer goods and/or services. Businesses are connected with society on all Political, Economical, Technological, and Socio-cultural levels. The Business environment has become chaotic as the world constantly changes and grows. The past decade has yielded advances in every field imaginable, and created a very dynamic, competitive free market in the U.S. The Consumer Services Industry:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Business today is made up of two types of industries, goods and services. Services in general face an extremely competitive market. Services are often intangible, and difficult to place value on. The consumer service industry is directly related to the state of an economy. Consumers must have the available free income to obtain the services, and become loyal users of it. The consumer must be made to perceive that the option does in fact lie within his/her reach and such an option will in fact enrich life for the customer. Also, the consumer must be made to see that time must be made available in order to take advantage of the opportunity. One of the most prevalent forms of competition in the consumer industry is differentiation. It’s important to be an innovator and original to stay on top. The service industry relies heavily upon consumer turnout. This heavy reliance has led to the consumer dictating much of the decision making. A service business must always hold t...

Communication Cycle

Anita Witek 10-12-2012 P1-P2Explain the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in a health and social care context. M1 Group communication In groups’ communication there are different people, some of them may like to talk a lot or be shy to talk. To make a group communication working everyone needs to be involved, and have some rules such a as when someone is talking no one is talking and everyone should listen to each other and have their own opinion or point of view. In heath and Soccial care setting group communication is used in everyday life. Related reading: Advantages of Argyle's TheoryThis is because the colleagues have group chats to discuss what they need to do (Collins Education, 2012). Formal Formal communication is when two people are talking to each other using the service. For example: when a person has a doctor appointment or being at work place and talk to your supervisor. The formal communications often stars with welcome such as ‘good morning’. In a health and social care setting formal communication is used nearly every day. This is because the workers talk to each other to pass on information and confirm certain things. Collins Education, 2012). In-formal In formal communication it’s hard to use with different social groups because everyone is different and everyone in groups or family and friends are using different type of method to communicate which is in formal communication. Sometimes people may do not understand each other when they are using in formal communication. In a health a nd social care setting in-formal communication can be difficult to use. This is because in a care home everyone is different and they come from different backgrounds.If there family or friends came to visit them in the care home in-formal communication would be used more as they are familiar with them. (Collins Education, 2012). One-to one For me it’s the same as face to face which means, person is talking to another person. Some of the people for example me I prefer one to one communication because I feel more relaxed and no nervous also I can look to someone eyes which shows the concentration and respect and listen carful also people may be friendly by smiling and start the nice conversation which may start from interact each other.In a health and social care setting one-to-one communication is used when the nurse needs to speak to the patient. It will be just the nurse and patient talking and if the patient needs to ask any questions they will feel comfortable as it is jus t them and the nurse. When other people are around the patient may not feel as comfortable because they do not want other people finding out about their needs. (Collins Education, 2012). Text messaging Most of the people are using text messaging to communicate specially teenagers; this is the quickest way to communicate with another person.However there are some disadvantages about text messaging which is the cost if people do not have a free text they need to control the balance, the second example is a network not always you can get a text and another example is people who are receiving a text it may do not understand someone feeling. In a health and social care setting text messaging may be used when the carers need to communicate with each other. This would be easier for them to text each other instead of walking around the building trying to find the person they want to give a quick message to. (Collins Education, 2012).Music and Drama Music and Drama is used in communication, some people may prefer to show the expression by acting or writing the song. The music communicate most with teenagers, for boys they mostly like to hear and communicate with a rap music and girls are mostly listen to the love songs when they have bad days. However the classic music is making the relaxed conversation. In a health and social care setting music and drama may be used if they do not want to communicate formally. This would be a fun way to communicate with some of the patients as it is something different. Collins Education, 2012). Speech People who came from a different location or form a different background have a own words which they are used to use or have a different accent. Most of the teenagers are using the slang which most of the adult are don’t understanding or some of the slang can everyone understand, However these days most of the words which we are using are not even in a dictionary. In a health and social care setting speech is very important becau se you need to be able to communicate with each other effectively. So your speech should be clear and understandable. Collins Education, 2012). Language Many people are grown with one language which may think this is the only way to communicate like me, however people as me in life time may start using the another language to communicate which is not the easiest way because some people may feel shy to talk or different reasons, most people who was born and learned with the first language are more prefer to communicate with the first language then the second. Now we can see that more people are growing up with multilingual communication which is good because they may learn several languages from birth.In a health and social care setting language is also important because many people may not speak the same language as you. You need to make sure your language is professional in a health and social care setting so everyone can understand you. (Collins Education, 2012). Non-verbal Non-ve rbal means communication without saying any words. For example when people are using a text communication they are using also no verbal communication because they do not says any words. Also when people are using body language and facial expression they are using a non-verbal communication.In a health and social care setting non-verbal communication is important because some people may not be able to speak or see. If they cannot speak you can send them a text message as an easy way to communicate with them. (Collins Education, 2012). REFERENCE LIST: Collins education. (2012). communication in health and social care. Available: http://www. collinseducation. com/resources/btechscunit1. pdf. Last accessed 12th November 2012. P2-Discuss theories of communication. Michael Argyle (1972),Michael Argyle (1972), said â€Å"that interpersonal communication was a skill that had to be learned, just as you would learn to drive a car. He said that when you are driving a car, you have to change y our method to match the conditions of what is happening on the road. †(markedbyteachers. com) Argyle argued that, communication involved much the same ‘cycle' as driving a car required. The stages involved in this cycle are: 1. Ideas occur- it may be that you can get a idea to communicate 2. Message coded- this is how people think about saying what they think . Message sent- this means when you send your message by speaking or writing or electronically. 4. Message received – this is when the person senses your message. 5. Message decoded- the person has to interpret or decode the message 6. Idea understood – this is when someone has understood your message. to try and clarify our ideas. Examples: 1. Idea: Hungry 2. Message coded: I'm hungry, I need food 3. Message sent: â€Å"I'm hungry, I fancy something to eat†. 4. Message received: I can tell from his body language that he has heard y message; he nods his head slightly 5. Message decoded: He decod es the message in his head 6. Message understood: He understands what I have said . http://www. markedbyteachers. com/gcse/health-and-social-care/developing-effective-communications-in-health-and-social-care. html Accessed on Monday 10th December 2012 Tuckman’s Model Forming: It’s a meeting people for the first time and sharing information with each other’s. Storming: This involves tension, struggle and sometimes arguments about the way the group might function.Norming: This is when group of people get together and has a meeting of agreeing on the group values. Performing: after all that, the group can begin to get some work done, on the basis of a relatively stable structure. Adjourning: is the break-up of the group, hopefully when the task is completed successfully, its purpose fulfilled; everyone can move on to new things, feeling good about what's been achieved. ( businessballs. com) http://www. ncsu. edu/csleps/leadership/Group%20Develoment%20-%20Tuckman. p df Accessed on Monday 10th December 2012

Investigation and prevention of child abuse Essay

Child abuse is one of the most common human right violations in the human community. According to UNCEF reports, at least one child dies every day as a result of child abuse. Nevertheless, the exact number of child deaths as a result of chilled abuse is hindered by the fact that most cases of child deaths in the communities goes without investigation. Still, an estimated over 30, 000 child in America are put under protection registers annually (American Prosecution Research Institute 12). The world is approximated to have over 100 million abused children most of whom are from the developing nations. However, these are just but a few of child abuse cases which are reported. There are numerous types of child abuse practices in the society. They range from infant shaking, to child battering, to child negligence, to child sexual abuse (Perona, Bottoms, and Vieth 42). Such practices are blamed for having a negative impact on the psychological, physical, and social development of the child. The process of preventing child abuse effectively dictates for the participation of all members of the community in ensuring early identification of such problems (Perona, Bottoms, and Vieth 51). Creating awareness among children as well as other members of the community on the rights of children plays an instrumental role in mitigating child abuse in the community. Investigation of child abuse for legal charges involves numerous methods depending on the type and magnitude of the act. For instance, Physical sexual abuse on kids can either be self evident or call for medical procedures to qualify (Myers 46). The history of family relations plays a crucial role in child abuse investigation practices by law enforcement. This paper seeks to give a detailed discussion on the prevention and investigation of child abuse. Prevention of child abuse The realization of effective child abuse prevention entails the creation of awareness on the forms and how to identify child abuse as well as engaging efforts in mitigating risk factors to child abuse in the community (Perona, Bottoms, and Vieth 51). The problem of child abuse in the community is increased by lack of awareness by the public. According to available statistics for example, child sexual abuse incidences in the American society has its peak between the onset of puberty and adolescence (American Prosecution Research Institute 67). At this age, most of the victims have mental capability to identify and avoid being victims of sexual abuse. Based on this reasoning, creating adequate awareness among the child can greatly aid in mitigating child abuse practice in the community. In this pursuit, since 1983, the American nation has set April as Child Abuse Prevention Month. In addition, the government funds child-abuse prevention initiatives through its Community-Based Grants for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (CBCAP) (American Prosecution Research Institute 71). Still on awareness, society cohesion factor plays an important role in preventing child (Myers 102). Just as is the case with other forms of crime prevention practices, the local community members find much advantage in the early identification and thus controlling of child abuse in their neighborhoods. This is because; they are the ones living close to the sources of child abuse; the family unit. Therefore, encouraging communal living among members of the community is instrumental in preventing child abuse. Another common practice of preventing child abuse is enforcing zero tolerance policies on domestic violence. According to numerous research findings, it is established that families marked with couple violence have a higher prevalence of child abuse; both physically and emotionally (Myers 112). There are numerous risk factors identified for causing child abuse practices. Such include the social and economic position of the family and the local community and the effectiveness of the law enforcement and criminal justice system in addressing child abuse cases (Myers 108). It has been sufficiently claimed that poverty in the in family plays an instrumental factor in perpetuating child abuse practices such as neglect. Financial constrains in the family also serves to cause stress and depression among parent, a factor that negatively impacts on the parent-child relationship. Still, an idle mind is the devils workshop. Therefore, the sustainable prevention of child abuse dictates for resolving eminent economic problems that affecting members of the local community. Also found to influence the level of child abuse is the character and gender of the child. Statistical evidence indicates that most mentally or physically disabled children are found to be at risk of child abuse (Perona, Bottoms, and Vieth 61). The statistics also establish substantial evidence connecting gender classification as a clear cause of child abuse in the community. In particular, the girl child is prone to child abuse and neglect. In some countries, the girl child is rarely provided with equal education as the boy child. This is a denial of the children right to education. In addition, girls are common victims to forced marriages as well as prostitution. On the other hand, the boy child is commonly marked with forced labor. They are also the main victims of corporal punishment compared to girls. These are the reasons behind the enactment and enforcement of numerous laws mitigating practices such as child pornography and prostitution and child labor (American Prosecution Research Institute 61). Many nations across the globe including the United States have banned corporal punishment of children both in the schools and in the family. This serves the purpose of limiting inhuman punishments on children. It is worth noting that the United Nations initiative on providing basic education to all children has taken cause in many countries across the globe. This initiative is quite instrumental in influencing prevention of anti-girl child education practices in the nation as much of its emphasis is on the girl child. Such an initiative is supported by numerous community based non-governmental organization. The war on drug abuse in the community is an important tool in mitigating child abuse. According to numerous research findings, drug abuse like alcoholism is among the leading causes of domestic violence as well as child sexual abuse in the community (Myers 121). This claim has been evidently supported by the fact that drugs function in compromising the reasoning and judgmental ability of an individual. Such can also be explained by the fact that drugs enhance aggression and temper of the victim. In a move to mitigate this practice of drug abuse as a potential cause for child abuse, the American nation is found to spend billions of dollars on the war against drugs in the society. Investigation of child abuse The process of investigating child abuse is heavily dependent on the availability of claimed evidence of physical, emotional, and/or sexual abuse. According to the available legal provisions; some forms of child abuse such as child labor neglect, and failure to provide education as well as some forms physical abuse of are self evident (Myers 132). Therefore, the investigation of such practices is mainly based on reported evidence rather than dictating for medical procedures. Also commonly involved in the investigation practices is identifying the history of a child abuse problem. According to psychological principles, human problems such as emotional stress and depression are a direct result of long term abuse in children. Based on this, the period over which such abuse on a particular child should be provided as qualifying evidence against the defendants charged with child abuse (Myers 136). As per the requirements of the law, this evidence can be self proclaimed by the victim, given by a member of the local community or from a doctor. The doctor should conduct an extensive diagnosis on the subject matter to give admissible evidence. Such might cover but not limited to the extent of physical or emotional damage impacted on the child. However, the laws protecting children against abuse prohibit against even the slightest form of action against a child that can compromise their social, emotional, academic and physical development. Conclusion Despite the numerous efforts by governments and other community-based non-governmental organizations, child abuse remains a major problem in the global community. There are various causes of child abuse in the community. Such include; domestic violence, cultural beliefs, economic status, and social practices in the community. The problem is further complicated by failure by the victims or members of the community to reports such cases to the relevant authorities for legal action against the perpetrators. Therefore, effective child abuse prevention strategies must take into account the need for creating public awareness on the problem. It should also devote much emphasis on resolving the main social and economic factors which promote child abuse. It is only through consulted cooperation among all stakeholders in the community that the war against child abuse can be successful.