Sexual Education At Middle Or High School - 1152 Words

Imagine you are a parent of teen who is attending middle or high school and one day they came home, and you over heard them having a conversation on the telephone about the sexual education class that the school will be offering. Your heart starts racing because this is the conversation that you have been trying to avoid ever since your teen confided in you that they have a school crush. Could your child be wondering about sexual health? Could he or she be interested in the anatomy of how their bodies function? You wonder how much does your child already know. These are just some of the various questions that pop up in your head as you think of what to do next. Well sexual education should be taught in school and should not be tailored†¦show more content†¦To prepare yourself you have made a list of pros and cons. You also prepare a list of questions and concerns about why they want to give this course to students. Will a sexual health course encourage my child to have sex? Will this class educate my child and what will my child get out of this course? Our children spend about 6.64 hour’s average in school according to the survey done by the National Center for Education Statistics (2007-2008). Those are six or more hours a day where your child is not under your supervision. One thing we know is that these students are interacting on daily basis with each other. They can easily fall into peer pressure and also receive the misinformation about various things. We also have to consider that in today’s society that sex is displayed on billboards, TV commercials, and music videos. Our kids are very curious individuals and could easily be given the wrong information. Sexual health classes can be a great benefit because in an article written by Guttmacher Institute, it says that â€Å"teens rely on their parents, peers and the media to be important sources as to where to get information on sexual health.† Sexual health is a very importan t matter to discuss with your child. While many parents are embarrassed about talking to their teen about sex, the good news is it’s only 19%. However, according to the Planned Parenthood â€Å"half of teens feel uncomfortable about talking to their parents about sex†. You may be the 19% of parents

Beowulf A Mix of Pagan and Christian Traditions Essay

â€Å"Alone shall fight for me, struggle for life against the monster, God must decide who will be given to death’s cold grip. Grendel’s plan, I think, will be what it has been before, to invade this hall and gorge his belly with our bodies.† (Lines 268-273) This quote was said by Beowulf a little while before he fought Grendal. This quote shows that Beowulf is ready to risk his life to save his people from a monster that has killed many people. He does this throughout this epic; fighting battles with different monsters that put his people’s lives in danger. Also during some of the fights he has faith in God and he believes that God will be there to help him when he needs it. Beowulf is a blending of Christian traditions and beliefs such as†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦Now he discovered once the afflicter of men, tormentor of their days what it meant to feud with God: Grendal saw that his strength was deserting him.† (Lines 383-386) T his quote shows that there were Christian traditions in play in this epic. The quote says that Beowulf feuded with God and destroyed Grendal. This was not the only battle in which Beowulf or anyone else risked their life to save someone else. Beowulf risked his life while fighting Grendal’s mother. â€Å"Remember, Hrothgar, Oh knowing king, now when my danger is near, the warm words we uttered, and if your enemy should end my life then be, oh generous prince, forever the father and protector of all whom I leave behind me, here in your hands, my beloved comrades left with no leader, their leader dead.† (Lines 450- 457) Beowulf says this before he goes in and tries to fight Grendal’s mother. The quote shows that he knows that there is a chance that he might not come back. He still remains loyal to his people and goes to fight this enemy. He came back and all the people praised him on his victory. Beowulf’s final fight was against the dragon. Beowulf said, â€Å"I’d use no sword, no weapon, if this beast could be killed without it, crushed to death like Grendal, gripped in my hands and torn limb from limb. But his breath will be burning hot, poison will pour from his tongue. I feel no shame, with shield and sword and armor, against this monster†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (LinesShow MoreRelatedBeowulf: A Mix of Pagan and Christian Traditions Essay647 Words   |  3 Pages Beowulf: A Story Told in One Mothers Point-of-View She, Grendels mother, awakens to the faint sound and smell of the things known as men.   She has been sleeping down in her dark and dingy cave below the world that is known to men. She has been biding her time, and plotting her revenge against the man that murdered her son. All that she had left in the cold and unforgivable world was her only son. Her only child was the being men despised and called Grendel. She lifts her head from the cold cavernRead MoreChristianity : The Rise Of Christianity1512 Words   |  7 PagesPaganism involved polytheistic beliefs with ritualistic tradition and animal sacrifice. This belief was common in the Anglo-Saxon tradition, which is from where the epic poem Beowulf is thought to have originated circa 550 AD. Due to the origins of Beowulf being surrounded by Pagan tradition and culture and reliance on the method of oral recitation of the story, the poem holds Pagan influences. Examples of these influences include the monsters that Beowulf faces in the story, idol worship, and burning theRead MoreBeowulf as a Pagan Oral Tradition Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pages The unknown author of Beowulf uses examples throughout the poem that suggest the story comes from an oral tradition. In the poem Beowulf, a Germanic scop, or bard, recites poetry orally, or in a song, usually telling stories about historical triumphs and adventures. These poe ts were referred to in this epic poem as carriers of tales..., traditional singer[s] deeply schooled in the lore[s] of the past (Beowulf 50). This was common in Germanic culture. Scops would keep folkloric heroes aliveRead MorePaganism In Beowulf1411 Words   |  6 PagesPagan ideas and values were a large influence in the creation of Beowulf due to the period it was created in. As the narrative was passed down by mouth Christianity views were slowly developed into the story. The poem was written after Anglo-Saxons were Christianized, but it is evident that pagan views were still in their mindsets. With these ideals still present, paganism and Christianity were woven into the story, and we see a mix of heroic ideals and self-sacrificing virtues that create a storyRead MoreBeowulf : Portrait Of Anglo Saxon Society Essay2057 Words   |  9 Pages Beowulf: Portrait of Anglo-Saxon Society The Middle Ages in England began with the withdrawal of the Romans and the arrival of various Germanic tribes (the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes), during the mid-fifth century. These tribes, which became known as the Anglo-Saxons, were composed of people from North Germany, Denmark and northern Holland, and took control of most of Britain, except for lands such as Scotland, Wales or Cornwall (Hindley 23). They brought with them the tradition of oralRead More The Use of Magic in Medieval Literature Essay2847 Words   |  12 Pagesmagic and magical creatures has been around for a long time, however, in the time period ranging from Beowulf to Malorys Arthur, there has been an evolution in attitudes and the consequent treatment of magic in medieval literature. The discussion of magic involves not only the disparity between Christian and pagan tradition but also of gender roles, most notably in the Arthurian mythos. Beowulf, Marie De Frances Bisclavret and Lanval, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Sit Thomas Malorys Le MorteRead MoreHistory Of Ancient Poetry Ghosh ( 1 )995 Words   |  4 Pagesriddles, maxims, proverbs, and numerous different knowledge sayings. it s a mix of pagan traditions, thoughts regarding life, the universe and nature, moreover as Christian thought and ethical values. there s usually no clear-cut delineation between spiritual and non-religious poetry or generally even between poetry and prose.English poetry enclosed long epic heroic poems, that player on the Bible moreover as on pagan sources for his or her content. Some poetry was additionally supported historical

Case Study of Air Cargo-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Case Study of Air Cargo. Answer: Introduction The purpose of the report is to prepare a case study on the Air cargo in the United Kingdom. The discussion elaborates around the fundamental reasons for success the success of this service. There is a comparison with another successful and an unsuccessful company. The strategies for how the company can maintain its competitive advantage is thoroughly explained. The report concludes with the notion whether this service is suitable for other companies. The notion of sustainability and its relevance to the company is also discussed in the following case study. The Air Cargo plays a significant role in the modern day supply chains. A major amount of the cargo is carried in the belly hold of the aircraft that is located underneath the passenger cabin (Schramm 2012). The Airports provide for a critical link between the air and the surface modes. In the United Kingdom airport, network approximately 2.5 million tons of freight and mail handled in the year 2014. The cargos carry goods of hig h value density. A few factors affect the development of the airfreight volumes in an airport. They are the location, the airport quality, airport marketing, freight forwarders, environmental restrictions and government legislation. Discussion The discussion elaborates on the Fundamental reasons for success, Comparison to another successful and an unsuccessful company, strategies to maintain its competitive advantage, whether this service is suitable for other companies and the notion of sustainability and its relevance to the company. Fundamental reasons for success The company that is responsible for Air cargo in the United Kingdom is the Air and Cargo Services Ltd. This Company is a British privately owned international freight forwarder that was established in 1972. The company at present has eight branches respectively and is located in the United Kingdom. It has around 75 staff members. The Company receives the basis of their global reach due to the quality networks as the G.L.N; Global Logistics Network helps to specialize in the logistics industry that includes the freight forwarders. The A.O.P, the Air Ocean Partners is also a freight-forwarding network with the principle of networking. These two-quality networks provide services to the Air and Cargo Services Ltd., which is the main cause for the success of the Company (www.aircargo.co.uk, 2017). The Company strives to expand and preserve planned alliances with the finest in-class partners. Each of the trading partners of this Company is dedicated to the provision of flexible, multi-moda l and vigorous services at the market competitive rates. The reasons for success is because of the services that are cost valuable, straight or consolidated import and export services on the first flight available or deferred basis (Tang, Atkinson and Zou, 2012). They provide for local service solutions that are either generic or modified that suits the specific transportation needs of the customer. Comparison to another successful company The Air and Cargo Services Ltd. has a wide-ranging portfolio of vigorous and reliable airfreight services that are specifically proposed to suit the every need from airport to airport through door to door. The Air and Cargo Services Ltd. is compared to the Universal Air Express Ltd (UAE), which is also a global freight forwarder, and logistics provider that offers their clients single source contact and control (Universalairexpress.co.uk, 2017). The difference lies in the factor of their capabilities for their passion for the personalized service striving to improve the supply chain solutions for their clients. This Company combines air, ocean, ground transportation and customer brokerage with a focus on the attention to detail and speed of action. The Universal Air Express Ltd. ensures that the perishable cargo arrives on time. The company guarantees that their prices cannot be beaten. They offer the cheapest prices to all the destinations across the globe. The Company is a speciali st in the airfreight industry and is able to negotiate rates that the other freight forwarders are not able to do. The Company is effective to send the goods by air regardless of the weight or size. The charges for the airfreight are based on per kg rather than cu ft., which make it more advantageous in nature. Comparison to an unsuccessful company The Silverjet airways have suspended services due to shortage of funds. The passengers take a two-way journey but the air cargo is carried in only one direction ranging from production to distribution or consumption centers. This leads to an imbalance between the incoming and the outgoing cargo flows. These imbalances results in large variations in the air cargo rates according to the direction of the air traffic (Akhavan, Jafari and Fathian, 2012). The intervention from the government and the environmental impact is also an issue for the failure of this Company. While when an aircraft is grounded the Air and Cargo Services Ltd. to expedite a return to the air has a specialized and dedicated team that is based at the Heathrow facility, which is on call twenty-four hours per day, seven days per week. From the small, localized picking and packing services to full supply chain solutions, they provide generic local service solutions to meet thelogistics needs of their clients. Strategies for the company to maintain its competitive advantage To maintain the competitive advantage of the company a basic financial planning is necessary. There is display of the powerful business strategies but they are seldom formalized. There has to a knowledge about their own cost formation so that they can estimate the impact of the services or the marketing change (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 2012). The management should confront the long-term implications of decisions and give attention to the potential business impact of the discernible existing trends before the effects are visible in the current income standards. The resource allocation should be both dynamic and creative. There should be new ways to define and satisfy customer needs. There should be strategic business units or organizational entities that can exercise effective control over the factors affecting their business. This concept of Strategic Business unit recognizes two distinct strategic levels that are the corporate decisions, which affect the shape and direction of t he enterprise as a whole, and the various business unit decisions that affect the individual Strategic Business unit operating in its own environment. The strategic management is also necessary to maintain the competitive advantage. This comprises of a planning framework, which cuts across the boundaries of the organization and aids strategic decision making about the customer groups and the resources. The planning process is also required to stimulate entrepreneurial thinking (Hill, Jones and Schilling, 2014). Lastly, a corporate system is necessary to reinforce managers for the commitment to the strategy of the company. The product market planning, business unit planning, shared resource planning, shared concern planning and the corporate level planning are the important steps to be followed to maintain the competitive advantage (Armstrong et al., 2015). There has to be a stress on the competitiveness by focusing on the theme. . The value of the teamwork that leads to the task-ori ented organizational flexibility then the entrepreneurial drive, the commitment to make things take place, open communication and not preservation of confidentiality. There should be a shared belief that this enterprise can create a future of its own without being affected by the environmental change. Being customer centric is also a strategy that may be followed to keep up the competitive advantage. The awareness is how the customer feels at each stage in the process. The company should offer services to more clients. The large number of customers can help to prevent a competitor from gaining access to the market as the customers are already using the service (Huang and Sarigll, 2014). The Company should try to benefit from the overall market growth and grow a share in the respective market. The factor of insurance is also an important reason to maintain the competitive advantage of the Air and Cargo Services Ltd. The insured cargo does not require a deposit before the release at t he destination. All the carriers that operate in the supply chain are under the limited liability. This helps to keep the customers interested and keep on using the services of this Company. Whether suitable for other companies and why Just like many other companies, the air cargo companies also need to follow several methods for their smooth functioning (Wada, Delgado and Pagnoncelli, 2017). A very good example can be the Air and Cargo service ltd. UK. Just as all other companies, the air cargo company also is concerned about the customer satisfaction issue. In this present scenario, the customers have not only increased their demands but also diversified them. They are always in search of easy and faster services. Customers nowadays prefer supply chain visibility. This, in turn, is directly related to customer satisfaction. Therefore, there was the adoption of the visibility mode in each line possible like SMS tracking, the internet etc. Providing due importance on this aspect of customer satisfaction is of utmost importance for attaining success. Apart from this, maintaining the cost side visibility is also of immense importance. This cargo company tries its level best to keep the race of all the expenditures ta king place, of a day sales outstanding metric optimization system so that there is negligible or no chance of any mistakes (Baxter, Kourousis and Wild, 2014). It is also very much important for the company to scale up quickly. Freight Forwarding or FF is a business that is largely dependent on its scale up business (Piecyk and Bjrklund, 2015). As it is an air cargo company, it is very much obvious that there will be some sort of pollutions or harmful emissions due to the various production purposes. Hence, it is very much important for the company to make proper arrangements to deal with such emissions and reduce it by adopting the necessary preventive measures. Methods that are used by this company are green metrics and carbon emission tracker. The company considers making investments in the infrastructure in order to keep it pollution free. Similarly, if other cargo companies like Universal Air Express Ltd., also adopts this measure of investing in the infrastructure then it will be very beneficial for them. This is because they will also be able to control pollution and this will obviously be an added advantage in their attempt of not only keeping the environment clean but also in maintaining the customer satisfaction level (Sharma et al., 2016). Another important factor towards success is that of introspection that is the initial stage of self-judgment and analysis, the company must be able to analyze itself that is examining the status at present in the market. In other words, the company must be able to find out its own position in the present market scenario (May et al., 2014). It is only then when they will be able to understand their strategies that they must be adopted in the near future (Lakew, 2014). Other companies also must apply this initial stage of introspection in order to analyze their own status in the present market scenario. The next step towards success is focusing on the strengths that the company can utilize in order to work over and improve their weakness and threats. Client understanding are also one key area that Air and Cargo Service Ltd. has taken very seriously, they make sure to understand the needs of their clients and cater to them accordingly because they know that every client is different and naturally their demands also will be varying in nature (Lam and Lai, 2015). This method indeed will be very beneficial for any other cargo companies as well because developing and maintaining a good client relationship is of utmost importance. Moreover, the success of a company is largely dependent on its customer base. Hence, the companies must thrive towards fulfilling all the needs and demands of their customers. The next important step towards the success of this company is servicing and marketing, if a cargo company can provide best rates and service along with rates, then no can stop that company from success. Lastly, this company over the years has also developed a good marketing team. This has made the company very popular on a global basis. Any other cargo company must also adopt these methods in order to attain success and recognition in the end, since marketing and advertising is a very crucial part in the success story of any business organization. Concept of Sustainability and its relevance to the Company Sustainability in its real sense means the techniques or the tactics that a company uses for its survival in the end (Ziegler, 2015). It also takes into account the different policies undertaken by an organization for the maintenance the proper environmental balance. Each company in today's scenario must be aware of the different environmental problems that might occur due to any harmful chemicals that might be released during any of their activities. Sustainability is also one of the main priorities of the cargo companies on a global basis. The company must check the emission of any harmful chemicals into the atmosphere; it must also check the usage of carbon and nitrogen oxides and must start adopting eco-friendly fuels and diesel. Conclusion Thereby, this report is elaborated on the case study of the Air Cargo in the United Kingdom. The discussion elaborates around the fundamental reasons for success the success of this service. There is a comparison with another successful and an unsuccessful company. The strategies for how the company can maintain its competitive advantage is thoroughly explained. The report concludes with the notion whether this service is suitable for other companies. The notion of sustainability and its relevance to the company is also discussed in the following case study. The Air Cargo plays a significant role in the modern day supply chains. References Akhavan, P., Jafari, M. and Fathian, M., 2012. Exploring the failure factors of implementing knowledge management system in the organizations. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Baxter, G., Kourousis, K. and Wild, G., 2014. Fire Resistant Aircraft Unit Load Devices and Fire Containment Covers: A New Development in the Global Air Cargo Industry.Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management,6(2), pp.202-209. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R.E., 2012.Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Huang, R. and Sarigll, E., 2014. How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. InFashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors(pp. 113-132). Springer New York. Lakew, P.A., 2014. Economies of traffic density and scale in the integrated air cargo industry: The cost structures of FedEx Express and UPS Airlines.Journal of Air Transport Management,35, pp.29-38. Lam, J.S.L. and Lai, K.H., 2015. Developing environmental sustainability by ANP-QFD approach: the case of shipping operations.Journal of cleaner production,105, pp.275-284. Lam, J.S.L. and Lai, K.H., 2015. Developing environmental sustainability by ANP-QFD approach: the case of shipping operations.Journal of cleaner production,105, pp.275-284. May, A., Anslow, A., Wu, Y., Ojiako, U., Chipulu, M. and Marshall, A., 2014. Prioritisation of performance indicators in air cargo demand management: an insight from industry.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,19(1), pp.108-113. May, A., Anslow, A., Wu, Y., Ojiako, U., Chipulu, M. and Marshall, A., 2014. Prioritisation of performance indicators in air cargo demand management: an insight from industry.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,19(1), pp.108-113. Piecyk, M.I. and Bjrklund, M., 2015. Logistics service providers and corporate social responsibility: sustainability reporting in the logistics industry.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,45(5), pp.459-485. Schramm, H.J., 2012. Introduction. InFreight Forwarder's Intermediary Role in Multimodal Transport Chains(pp. 1-12). Physica-Verlag HD. Sharma, S., Malik, J., Wilson, S., Sehgal, M., Kumar, S., Zia, H., Mohan, I. and Kumar, A., 2016. Measures to Control Air Pollution in Urban Centres of India.TERI Policy Brief, pp.1-20. Tang, L.C., Atkinson, B. and Zou, R.R., 2012. An entropy-based SWOT evaluation process of critical success factors for international market entry: A case study of a medium-sized consulting company.Construction Management and Economics,30(10), pp.821-834. Universalairexpress.co.uk (2017).Universal Air Express | Fast Cargo around the world. [online] Universalairexpress.co.uk. Available at: https://www.universalairexpress.co.uk/controller.php?action=Page_Home [Accessed 19 Aug. 2017]. Wada, M., Delgado, F. and Pagnoncelli, B.K., 2017. A risk averse approach to the capacity allocation problem in the airline cargo industry.Journal of the Operational Research Society,68(6), pp.643-651. Ziegler, T., 2015. Reducing Diesel Emissions, Improving Air Quality, and Promoting Environmental Justice in Southwest Detroit. www.aircargo.co.uk (2017).Air Cargo Services Ltd.. [online] Aircargo.co.uk. Available at: https://www.aircargo.co.uk/ [Accessed 19 Aug. 2017].

Portfolio Management And Diversification Essays - Finance, Money

Portfolio Management And Diversification PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT AND DIVERSIFICATION Introduction: Portfolio management is a conglomeration of securities as whole, rather than unrelated individual holdings. Portfolio management stresses the selection of securities for inclusion in the portfolio based on that securitys contribution to the portfolio as a whole. This purposes that there some synergy or some interaction among the securities results in the total portfolio effect being something more than the sum of its parts. When the securities are combined in a portfolio, the return on the portfolio will be an average of the returns of the securities in the portfolio. For example, if a portfolio was comprised on equal positions in two securities, whose returns are 15% and 20%, the return on the portfolio, will the average of the returns of the two securities in the portfolio, or 17.5%. From this we will discuss the process of creating a diversified portfolio. The diversified portfolio is a theory of investing that reduces the risk of losing all your money when all your eggs are not i n one basket. Diversification limits your risk an over the long run, can improve your total returns. This is achieved by putting assets in several categories of investments. Portfolio Process: The portfolio process is as follows: 1. Designing an investment objective; 2. Developing and implementing an asset mix; 3. Monitoring the economy and the markets; 4. Adjusting the portfolio and measuring the performance Due to the intensity of each of the four items, we will be covering only the first two. 1. Investment Objective: This topic is broad and contains three major divisions. They are foundation objectives, constraints and major objectives. Foundation Objectives: These objectives generally receive the most attention from investors and are determined by thorough determination of your needs, preferences and resources. Return you need to determine whether you prefer a strategy of return maximization, where assets are invested to make the greatest return possible while staying within the risk tolerance level, or whether a required minimum return with certainty is preferable, generating only as much return with emphasis on risk reduction. Risk There are many ways to assess the risk tolerance of any particular investor, from the least knowledgeable of investments to the very sophisticated investor. Besides the risk you are willing to take, there must be a measure of the risk associated with each security be considered for the inclusion in the portfolio. It is important to recognize the difference between the risk of an individual security and the risk of the portfolio as a whole. The risk of a portfolio is less than the average risk of its holdings, your risk tolerance should be matched to the risk of the overall portfolio and not to the risk of each security. Inflation Although some degree of inflation protection is needed, the extent will vary depending upon the time horizon and the goal of using the portfolio to generate income for future cash consideration. Whereas, someone using a short term trading strategy and interested in maximization of capital gains may concentrate less on this factor. Time Horizon - The time horizon is the period of time from the present until the next major change in your circumstances. A good portfolio design will reflect this time change. For example at 25 years of age and normal retirement at age 60 does not necessarily mean the time horizon is 35 years. Different events in your life can represent the end of one time horizon and the beginning of a new time horizon and a need for a complete rebalancing of your portfolio. These events could include finishing university, purchase of a new home and many others beside retirement. Liquidity - In portfolio management this is the amount of cash and near-cash in the portfolio. For liquidity purposes, if you are wealthy and risk tolerant you may choice to have about 5% of your portfolio in cash, this does mean that the cash component will never rise above 5% due to the market cycle. Whereas those who are risk adverse may choice to have 10% or more in cash. Taxation - The level of taxation will determine the choices that are made in regards to the choice of tax advantaged securities such as some limited partnerships

The Concept of Hinduism Religion

The Story Of An Hour Essays - Smoking In The United States, Smoking

The Story Of An Hour Essays - Smoking In The United States, Smoking The Story Of An Hour What I Already Know: I really dont know much about teen smoking or why they like to smoke. This is just what I think about it. I know most teens love to smoke because they think its cool. Some teens smoke because they want to fit in with their friends. Other kids just smoke because of the peer- pressure from their friends. What I want to Know: - Why do teens smoke? - Is it an addiction? - Do teens smoke because of the peer-pressure? What I found out: The reason why teens smoke is because of the cigarette ads and problems at home. Smoking and chewing tobacco are just like using drugs and alcohol. Once you start you may not ever be able to stop smoking. I also found out a September 2000 study shows that one -quarter of 12-13 year olds. Who smoke as few as two or three cigarettes a day becomes addicted in just two weeks? Most of the rest get addicted within a few weeks or more. New studies show it only takes a matter of days for 12 and 13 year olds to become addicted to smoking. Weve all seen the ads for Marlboro Country, with images of beautiful country scenes, wild horses galloping, and cowboys around fire or on horseback. Well, heres the real Marlboro Country. If Joe Camels ad told the truth about smoking it would say. I wish I hadnt smoked. I got a lot of kids to think smoking was cool, and Im so sorry! Im so very sorry. I smoked, and now Im dying of cancer. Just look at me now! Please whatever you do, dont smoke! More About Tobacco Advertising! Unfortunately, many teens are not too concerned about the risk of disease later in life. But the fact is cigarettes cause emphysema, lung cancer, and heart disease. Today in the US, smoking causes 1 of every 5 deaths. Cigarettes kill 1,2000 Americans every day that amounts to 420,000 Americans deaths each year and two to three million deaths worldwide annually. In coming decades, the World Health Organization tell us that smoking will kill 500 million people worldwide. Thats 9% of the present world population. It means that nearly 1 of every 10 people now alive on earth will die because of cigarettes! And tragically, this is entirely preventable. Tobacco ads are also designed to play with your mind. In magazine ads, we see healthy young people playing sports which require breath, like tennis or mountain climbing, but we all know thats a lie. These cigarette ads intentionally make it appear that smoking is socially acceptable. That is so false. The truth is, here in the US, three out of four people dont smoke, and its not okay to smoke around most people not any more. Smoking is not socially acceptable. Every year, the tobacco industry spends $ 4.5 to $ 5 billion on the daily advertising of its deadly, addictive products. In conclusion, the sad fact is that advertising has as much stronger effect on teens than most consciously realize. Every day 3,000 teens become newly addicted to cigarettes. The tobacco industry knows exactly what they are doing, and they spend billions every year to manipulate the unconscious minds of millions, dont let them manipulate you! New Scientific studies shows. Teens, who believe advertising has no effect on you, consider this. A recent study demonstrated that advertising plays a greater role than peer-pressure in getting teens to smoke. Studies also show the most popular brands teens smoke is Camels, Marlboros, and Newport. The Addiction The physical portion of the addiction is to nicotine. The psychological part of the relaxing, familiar sensation of handling the cigarette, watching its curling smoke, the deep and relaxing breathing associated with inhaling and exhaling, the taste, and so on. When quitting, a smokers conscious mind says, I will stop smoking no problem. But the unconscious mind has been conditioned that cigarettes give pleasure, and thats all it can focus on. The addicted unconscious mind says, Give me a cigarette now! It only recognizes what feels good, or what doesnt feel good. It demands a cigarette without regard to right or wrong, and rebels against the conscious mind decision to not smoke.

Product Launch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Product Launch - Essay Example American Goods Wholesale Club (AGW) is a service provider and also carries actual products. Our company will tap into the market of patriotic American consumers whiles promoting products that already exist for both local consumption and export. AGW Club will provide a platform for manufacturers to display and promote their products while servicing its members with their needs. Manufacturers determine their prices but will be at a discounted rate compared to how much they will sell it to other retailers. Product owners will be paid when the product is sold. The marketing mix offers a very competitive pricing for AGW Club members, a solid medium for manufacturers and very low to no inventory cost for the company. AGW Club is situated in Virginia, United States of America. The club has also planned to expand the company in other states in the future with enhanced growth and prosperity. Moreover, the club also has an online store for providing services to members of the club across Ameri ca in a more efficient manner. Product Description AGW Club also facilitates in promoting products manufactured in America and in marketing those products to its members. Moreover, AGW Club acts as a medium for manufactures and the products are offered to the members of the club in accordance with their requirements and preferences. The products are procured from manufacturers at a discounted rate in comparison to price determined by manufacturers for offering those goods to local retailers. Contextually, it has been aimed to conduct a product launch in the emerging market of China with the motive of improving the international market exposure of made-in-America products and to enhance profitability of the club. The developing economy in China will assist the club in performing its business operations in an effective manner. Product Positioning Product positioning is the strategy of offering the products to customers in the market segments in an appropriate manner. The American Good s Wholesale Club (AGW) is required to determine the appropriate market segments where the products of the club will be mostly in demand as well as will be consumed in the market of China. The product positioning strategy will also enable the club to provide their products in the market successfully. The products which are to be provided in the market of China should be differentiated from products which are offered by competitors. The club should provide quality products which are mostly in demand by Chinese consumers due to the changes in buying behavior primarily owing to the developing economy of China as well as due to the advancement of technology. Moreover, the club is required to follow a differentiation strategy with the motive of meeting the requirements of Chinese markets as well as to perform business operations in a competitive manner. The differentiation strategy will enable the products of the club to be differentiated form the competitors as along with facilitating it to obtain loyalty of consumers. Contextually, distinct product features and unique selling proposition of the offerings need to be identified by the club in order to highlight that distinctiveness appropriately. The positioning strategy of the club needs to be maintained thoroughly and it needs to be ascertained that positioning of the

Interpreting Financial Statements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Interpreting Financial Statements - Essay Example The number of days in inventory for Pepsico is 40 days whereas it is 64 days for Coca – Cola. It is evident that Pepsico is more effective in converting its inventory into sale and hence has a better liquidity position in terms of the revenue generated. Both the companies have almost equally geared in terms of debt. The debt to total assets ratio is an indication of the company’s long term growth capacity and its ability to generate more capital through debts. Both Coca – Cola and Pepsico have significant interest coverage, as the earnings are almost 33 times the interest expenses. Hence it is evident that the companies will not face any issues in covering the interest expenses. The cash debt coverage is a measure of the ability of the company to cover its debts with the liquid cash in hand generated from the operations. Though both the firms have a significant value, Pepsico is able to generate higher cash from its operations and hence can manage about 57% of its debts with the cash from operations. The free cash flow, as the name indicates, is measured in million USD and is found that in 2004, Coca – Cola has a free cash of $ 5,213 million whereas Pepsico has about $ 3,667 million. It is evident that Coca – Cola has significantly higher free cash compared to that of Pepsico. It is clear from the values that Coca – Cola is able to convert 22% of its revenue as earnings or profit, whereas Pepsico converts only 14% of its revenue into income. Hence the profitability of Coca – Cola is comparatively much higher than that of Pepsico. This is the percentage of revenue after all the expenses, interests and taxes that is available to the shareholders and to the company. The Asset Turnover rate determines the ability of the company to effectively utilize its assets to generate revenue. It is important to note that a company generating high revenues may not actually be effective if its utilizing much

Evaluating the supervisors skills in high schools in the state of Essay

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Analysis of the Dar Es Salaam Stock Exchange

Analysis of the Dar Es Salaam Stock Exchange 3.0 Chapter Three 3.1 Research Methodology This chapter aims at explaining the methodology which has been adopted in this study. Research approaches or style have been categorized into mainly two groups, the phenomenological approach and positivist approach. The phenomenological approach studies the phenomenon through observation, no theory at outset while the positivist approach use an existing theory or develop a new theory and test its validity. Since this study has used the existing theory on market efficiency therefore positivist approach have been adopted with this study, the rationale behind the choice of this approach is due to the nature of the study. 3.2 Research Design Research design can be broadly classified as exploratory research and Conclusive research .This study is conclusive research design because it involves the testing of specific hypothesis and examination of relationships as well as the data analysis is quantitative and research process is formal. 3.3 Data types and sources Two types of data that has been used in this study, the daily closing stock of market index(Dar es salaam Stock Exchange Index-DSEI) and the weekly share prices for a sample of five listed companies from Dar es salaam Stock Exchange. The daily closing stock for market index has covered the period from July 2007 to August 2008 making total number of observation to be 280, excluding public holidays and non trading days. The daily data prior to July 2007 were not found therefore the study had to use the available data . The second type of data that has been used in this study are weekly share prices of the five companies/securities included in the study .The weekly data runs from Jan 2002 to August 2008, which makes the total number of observation to be between 90 and 266. The final date is the same for the all companies but the initial date differs depend on when the company joined the stock market. The weekly data refers to the Wednesdays closing stock price, however if Wednesdays data were not available then Thursday closing price were used, in absence of Thursday data , Tuesday was taken instead, but when both Tuesday and Thursday were not available as well , the data for that week was regarded as a missing data. The use of weekly data is appropriate for this kind of studies as Humphrey and Lont (2005) asserted that weekly data helped to mitigate any non-trading effects and also reduced the effects of noise trading. Even though the stock price was collected for the purpose of performing statistical tests, the actual test was conducted using natural logarithmic of the relative price. The stock return (denoted by R) was calculated by natural logarithmic difference of the weekly stock price given by the following equation = [- )] (1) Where: Rt = Return at time t P = Price at time t The reasons why change in log price was used instead of the normal change in price, has been explain by Fama (1965), he mentioned that logarithms neutralize price level effects as well as producing a series of continuously compounded returns. The daily closing stock for market index (DSEI) was used in performing the parametric serial correlation test and the weekly share prices for five listed companies was used to perform the non parametric runs test .In additional to the primary data (Stock prices) collected from Dar es salaam Stock Exchange, the study has also used the secondary source of data. The secondary data includes academic books, journals and other publications. 3.3.1 Thin Trading As discussed earlier in literature review section, infrequency trading or thin trading is big problem in most of emerging stock market and failure to take into account can results into serious biasness of statistical results. In this study this problem has been taken into account and the weekly data were collected from infrequency trading. The first step taken in controlling the infrequency trading was to eliminate the mostly thin traded securities / companies as Shanken (1987) depicted that some of researchers controls the thin trading problem by eliminating some of thin traded stocks. Initially the study was meant to include all ten companies listed in Dar es salaam Stock Exchange, however five companies were found to be very much affected by infrequency trading therefore were eliminated from the study. The actual correction of weekly data from thin trading for the five companies included in this study was based on approach by Atchison et al (1987) as adjusted by Milambo et al (2003;cited in Mabhunu 2004). They suggested correcting thin trading problem by adjusting approach by Atchison at el (1987) who used uniform process which allocates returns equally over the days in multi -days interval where security not traded. According to Mlambo et al (2003 ;cited in Mabhunu 2004), if a stock is not traded for example after 14 days of non trading, then a single entry given by the following equation (2) should be used as an oppose to 15 entries of equal value. Where: = Length of time between a trade in a period t and previous successive trade = Price of stock at time t = Dividend at time t Therefore the infrequency problem in this study have been controlled by applying equation 2 without taking into account the dividend adjustment as it has been suggested that adjustments of dividend does not have much effects.Also the use of weekly data instead of daily data for individual companies has helped to control this problem. 3.3.1 Test of goodness -of-fit One of the hypothesis in which the random walk has based on is about price changes to conform to some probability distribution. Therefore in testing the efficiency of stock market it is essential to identify the pattern and determine which known statistical distribution the pattern follows. In this study the Jarque-Bera test has beeen employed to test the normality of the stock return. This techniques has been used in several studies, includes the recent study of Market Return and Weak Form Efficiency: The case of Ghana by Frimpong and Oteng (2007). The Jarque-Bera test statistic is given by JB = T(+ ) (3) Where: JB = Test Statistic T = Number of observation S = Sample Skewness K = Sample Kurtosis. Kurtosis which denoted by (K) in equation (3) measures the sharpness / peakness or flatness of the distribution of a series and is given by the following equation K = (4) A normal distributed series has kurtosis of 3, therefore whenever kurtosis of a series exceeds 3, the distribution of that series is regarded as leptokurtic relative to normal and if the kurtosis is less than 3, then the distribution is regarded as platykurtic(flat) relative to normal. The skewness which denoted by (S) and computed by the following equation S = (5) Measures the asymmetric distribution of the series from its mean. A normal distributed series has skewness of zero, therefore if the skewness of the series is positive then the series is concluded to have a heavier right tail and if the skewness is negative the distribution is regarded as having a heavier left tail relative to normal. The results of the Jarque-Bera test together with the skewness and kurtosis of the return series employed in this study have been reported in table 1. 3.4 Methods employed As mentioned earlier this study aimed at achieving three main objectives, first to find empirical evidence of weak form efficiency hypothesis for Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange, secondly to identify the main barriers for the development of the Dar es salaam Stock Exchange i.e. the factors that hampers the growth of DSE and lastly to identify the quality of information available to investors at Dar es salaam Stock Exchange. Therefore in this chapter the methods used in achieving each objective have been explained in detail, starting with the first objective. 3.4.1 Objective 1: Empirical evidence for weak form efficiency hypothesis. In achieving the first objective, the study intended to answer the following two specific questions Is the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange weak-form efficient? Do the stock prices in Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange follow the random walk? The study was guided by the following hypothesis Dar es salaam Stock Exchange is weak form market efficient. Stock price follows a random walk Various techniques have been used so far in testing for weak form hypothesis by different researcher as depicted in literature review section, the techniques includes the statistical test of independence and trading rules. In determining whether a stock market is a weak form or not using statistical test, the correlation / relationship between stock price and return over the successive time interval is identified. If no significant correlation found then the market is regarded as weak form market as past return can not be used to determine future return. The market will be regarded as weak form inefficient if significant correlation will be found. In testing our first null hypothesis, one statistical test of independence have been employed, the serial correlation test . The non parametric runs test was employed to test our second null hypothesis, the random walk hypothesis. The following is the explanation of each statistical test employed in this study. Serial correlation test It is among the widely used test of independence .The serial correlation test measures the correlation of a variable over consecutive time interval e.g. at time t and time t-1.The reasons why this approach have been chosen to be used in this study is because of its familiarity in this kind of study. Several studies have employed this technique for example Vaidyanathan (1994) in the study of efficiency of the Indian capital market employed this approach. Similarly, Baral and Shrestha (2006) studying the daily stock behavior of commercial banks in Nepal, used the same approach. In testing the weak form efficiency of the stock market using this approach, the correlation of log price/return series is determined, if autocorrelation is found the assumptions will be that the series does not follow the random walk, meaning that the stock price are not independent, past return can be used to determine the future return and hence the market is weak form inefficient. The test statistic for the serial correlation coefficient for lag p can be express as p = (5) Similarly written as P = (6) In determining the autocorrelation of the return in this study, the Ljung-Box test was used. This is a portmanteau test which measures the autocorrelation of the variable. The Ljung-Box test statistic is given by =T(T+2) (7) Where by: = Test Statistic T = Number of observations = Is the jth autocorrelation or autocorrelation coefficient (for lag j) K = Number of coefficients to test autocorrelation, in other words the number of lag to be Tested. Given the value of obtained from the test, the conclusion on the randomness of the log price/return can be reached if > , K at significance level ÃŽ ±, where by , K means the ÃŽ ±-quantile of the Chi-square distribution with K degrees of freedom. Alternatively if the p-value obtained from the statistical test is less than 0.05,then the test is significant at 95% level of confidence and therefore the null hypothesis of zero auto correction can be rejected. The results for this test have been reported in figure 1in the next chapter. Runs test This is the second test that had been employed in this study to test for the second null hypothesis. Unlike parametric tests such as serial correlation, a runs test is a non-parametric test which means that it does not require the normal distribution of the series. This is one of the advantage of using this approach and it is also the reason why this technique has been adopted in our study. A run can be define as a set of identical (or related) symbols contained between two different symbols or no symbol (such as at the beginning or end of the sequence)Spiegel et al (2000.p366). In performing this test, each change in return/price is classified as positive (+), negative (-) and zero change (0). Alternatively change in return could be classified alphabetically for example A ,could be each return that equal or exceeds the mean value and B could be each return that are below mean value. The test can be executed to obtained the actual number of runs (denoted by V), and then the actual number of runs (V) can be compared with the expected number of runs () which is given by the following equation = (8) Where = Expected number of runs N = Total number of return observations = Sample size of each category of price change If actual number of runs will be greater than expected runs, it will be indications of negative serial correlation and if actual runs fall below expected return it will indicate the positive serial correlation of the return. Alternatively the p-value obtained can be used to conclude on the results of this test, if p-value is less than 0.05, then the test is significant at 95% level of confidence and therefore the null hypothesis of randomness can be rejected. For a large sample i.e (N>30), the sampling distribution of V is approximately corresponds to a normal distribution and thus Z = (9) Where: Z = Z-Test Statistic V = Actual return = Expected return = Standard deviation given by the following equation = [{+ N (N+1)} 2N (10) Therefore at appropriate level of significance, the Z-statistic can be used to test for independence of return series. The reason why the randomness tests such as non parametric runs test are used to test for the efficiency of the stock market is because efficiency of the stock market is determined by the way information are incorporated in current stock price. For a well efficient market , new information is incorporated instantaneously and spontaneously and therefore no arbitrage opportunity can exist. Since new information is incorporated instantaneously and spontaneously in current stock price then stock price/returns will be generated in random fashion i.e there will be no any pattern. In relation to the weak form efficient market all past information is expected to be incorporated in current stock price in such a way that a positive change in returns is not expected to be followed by positive change in return or negative to be followed by negative as the returns generated randomly. However, for the weak inefficient market all past information are not incorporated instantaneously and spontaneously as the results the change in returns is generated in a pattern which can lead to opportunity of making fortune. Therefore testing of randomness helps to reveal the how new information is incorporated in current stock price and the way returns are generated, if its in a random fashion or with pattern. This helps in drawing conclusion regarding the efficiency of a stock market. The results for this non parametric runs test are shown in table 2 3 and discussed in the next chapter. Objective 2:Factors affecting the growth/ development of Dar es salaam Stock Exchange Despite aim of finding empirical evidence of weak form hypothesis, also the second objective of this study was to identify and discuss major factors/ challenges that have been affecting the development and progress of Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange. April 2008, the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange celebrated its tenth years anniversary, however for the period of its ten years of operations; we have witness the slow growth / development of the stock market, only few companies have been listed so far. But what are the main causes of this slow growth? in terms of listing of companies?, what are the challenges faced by the stock market?. Further more the numbers of individuals participating in the market as investors is not so impressive, in a speech by the minister of finance and economic affairs on 10th anniversary of DSE , he said the market so far DSE has enable more than 116,651 Tanzanians to own shares. This is small figure to be as a minimum figure for the country with population of approximately 39.4 million people, we would expect a good number of individual to be aware of operations of the stock market and hence participating and a minimum figure could have been a million and above, however the situation is different then what is the real problem?, are there any efforts by the market authority to ensure the general public is aware of the stock market operations and hence increase the number of investors in the market?. Despite of the barriers and challenges for its growth, what measures have been and will be taken to ensure the stock market is growing? .What are the future prospects of the market? . In achieving our second objective the above mentioned questions will be addressed and discussed. This was done through reviewing and studying of the existing literature and publications regarding Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange and African stock markets in general, since most of the emerging African stock markets share the same kind of the obstacle/ challenges. The findings and discussion of these issues have been presented the following chapter. Objective 3: The quality of information to investor and other stakeholders at DSE. The last objective was to determine the quality of information available to investors and other stakeholders at Dar es Salaam Stock Market. There various sources of information for investors in any stock market and one of the sources is financial statements. Even though financial statements are sometimes subjective to the manipulation of management and by the time financial statements are published some changes might have already happen, yet financial statements remains to be crucial source of information for investors and analysts. Normally the existing investors as well as potential investors would like to know how the investment have been well managed as this will give them the overall picture on how safe investing in the company has been or will be. Using the published financial statements, investors and analysts can acquire valuable information which can help in their decision making. However, investors will be deprived from using this type of source of information, if the information provided with the financial statements are not of good quality and required standard. According to Benston (2003), if the information provided by financial statements is not useful and accurate then its reception will not give investors the kind of insight they wanted and as the results investors will incur costs to find information somewhere else. Therefore with this objective, the quality of information available to investors in DSE was determined and discussed. This was achieved through a comparison of financial statement of Tanzania Breweries Limited (TBL)- a company listed in Dar es salaam Stock Exchange and Sanisbury PLC a company listed in London Stock Exchange. The aim of the comparison was to determine if an investor in DSE using financial statement will get the same quality of information similar to an investor in London Stock Exchange. In this comparison in additional of looking the contents and standards in which these annual report have been prepared also the study looked at the general accessibility of the annual report and other companys information which might be helpful to investors between these company .Also the general overview of corporate governance between these two companies was analyzed and discussed. The results and discussions of this comparison have been presented in the following chapter. 3.5 Data Analysis Since the study had involve the statistical tests, therefore data was analyzed with the help of statistical packages. The parametric serial correction test and parametric runs test was performed using SPSS (Statistical Package For Social Science) and the Jarque -Bera test was performed using EVIEWS .Both quantitative and qualitative approach have been used in interpreting the results of analysis 4.0 Chapter Four: Data Analysis, Presentation Discussion of Findings 4.1 Introduction The aim of this chapter is to present the analysis and discuss the findings of the study. The chapter have been divided in three main part (A, B, C). The first part (A), reports the results and the discussions from statistical tests relating to the first objective of this study. Part B and C report the findings and discussions relating to the second and third objectives respectively . 4.2 Part A : Empirical evidence for weak form efficiency hypothesis In finding the empirical evidence for weak form efficiency hypothesis in Dar es salaam Stock Exchange ,three main statistical tests were performed , firstly the normality test i.e the Jarque Bera test, parametric serial correlation test and non parametric runs test, the findings of these test are presented in that order. 4.2.1 Test of goodness of- fit Since it is essential to determine the probability distribution of the series when performing efficiency tests /statistical tests, therefore the returns for the stock market index(DSEI) as well as the returns for the five companies used in the study were firstly analyzed to determine if the return series follows the normal distribution. The result of nomality test are shown in table 1 Table 1: Jarque- Bera Test DAHACO DSEI SIMBA TBL TCC TWIGA Mean 0.002166 0.000227 0.006390 0.002727 0.000724 0.008349 Median 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 Maximum 0.141970 0.021668 0.277632 0.202941 0.074108 0.287682 Minimum -0.182322 -0.024520 -0.253781 -0.146093 -0.117783 -0.072759 Std. Dev. 0.028979 0.002794 0.045971 0.027860 0.021852 0.040065 Skewness -0.462822 -0.623957 0.863549 2.133508 -0.934278 4.314131 Kurtosis 15.81011 39.73707 17.61886 23.35083 11.19382 29.39428 Jarque-Bera 1216.549 15707.35 1751.608 4792.031 532.6697 2891.643 Probability 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 Sum 0.383447 0.063240 1.239581 0.725336 0.130979 0.751392 Sum Sq. Dev. 0.147799 0.002170 0.407877 0.205694 0.085951 0.142861 Observations 177 279 194 266 181 90 Source : Analyzed data As shown in the table 1, the p-value of the jarque -bera test for stock market index series(DSEI) and the p-value for the five individual companies is below 0.05 i.e p-value As depicted in the table 1 above, the return for the market index(DSEI), TCC Ltd and DAHACO/SWISSPORT Ltd are negatively skew(heavier left tail) as their skewness less than zero. I,e skewness 0) which means that their returns are positively skew( a heavier right tail) relative to normal. A perfectly symmetrical distribution such as normal distribution has skewness which equal to zero. Regarding the kurtosis which describe the flatness or peaknedness of the distribution the results shows that the returns of both market index and individual companies have kurtosis greater than three i.e kurtosis > 3, which implies that the distribution of the returns are sharply peaked (leptokurtic) relative to normal. The p-value from test statistic, kurtosis and skewness indicates the rejection of normality for the returns so the general conclusion which can be drawn from the test of goodness-of-fit is that the returns employed in this study are not normally distributed and therefore non parametric statistical tests are more appropriate to be used than parametric statistical tests. 4.2.2 Results of Serial Correlations/ Autocorrelation Test Though it has been suggested that when the series is not normally distributed then non parametric tests wo

Ford Motor Company Marketing Strategy Essay example -- BTEC Business M

Ford Motor Company Marketing Strategy Ford Motor Company is one of the world’s largest producers of cars and trucks and one of the largest providers of automotive financial services marketing vehicles under the eight brands shown below. The Company is a publicly traded company listed on the New York Stock Exchange. During 2002, the company made 6.7 million vehicles and employed 328,000 people worldwide. Business partners include 25,000 dealers and more than 10,000 suppliers. Ford motor company offers a wealth of variety to the automotive consumer. As they start their second century of business, they are now in a position to appeal to the widest range of potential customers. Each of their automotive brands has a unique personality and holds a distinct place in the ford motor company family. Vehicle Brands   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ford   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lincoln   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mercury   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mazda   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Volvo   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jaguar   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Land Rover   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aston Martin AUTOMOTIVE SERVICE BRANDS Introduction The marketing orientation has become common in companies that make things for individual customers. It remains rare in heavy industry that produces steel, coal, oil, and paper, where the immediate consumers are other businesses. The transition from the production orientation to the marketing orientation is still going on. It is the most important but least understood revolution in human history, marking a decisive power-shift from institutions to individuals. In the production orientation, human enterprise asked first what we could make, and second whether anyone will want it. In the marketing orientation, we ask first what we want, and second how we can invent the means to fill that want. Production made people technology’s servants. Marketing makes us technology’s masters. The marketing revolution promises a golden age when social institutions and markets are systematically organized to maximize human happiness. One of marketing’s strongest features is its empiricism. What science did for perception, marketing does for production. It tests intuition and insight against empirical fact. Henry Ford thought he knew what people wanted from a car: cheap, reliable, and black. Ford sold millions of model-Ts in the 1920s with this mass marketing strategy. Then General Motors came along, segmenting the ma... ...icient/lower cost operator those competitors  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10 10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Level of investment compared with operators (facilities, databases, technology, advertising, R&D and people developments)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8 Total score  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  100  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  90 Conclusion Ford Motor Company started the last century with a single man envisioning products that would meet the needs of people in a world on the verge of high-gear industrialization. Today, Ford Motor Company is a family of automotive brands consisting of: Ford, Lincoln, Mercury, Mazda, Jaguar, Land Rover, Aston Martin, and Volvo. The company is beginning its second century of existence with a worldwide organization that retains and expands Henry Ford's heritage by developing products that serve the varying and ever-changing needs of people in the global community. References 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www. ford .com 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.prenhall.com 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Financial report Ford motor company 2002.2003 and 2004 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Letter from Bill Ford - Published by Ford Company 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marketing management -Philip Kotler 6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strategic Management - Thompson,Strickland 7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marketing Management MRKT 601 course notes 8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marketing Management MRKT 601 course discussions

The Cottage – Creative Writing

It was exactly a week after my first day at NFG, and I had brought both overnight- and sleeping bag with me to school, as had everyone else in my class – it was time for the ‘get to know each other'-trip. The ‘get to know each other'-trip is a trip were the new students can get to know each other. Every 1.g-class has to go, not alone of course. The class goes along with a pair of teachers and two older students: ‘Introes'. My class, Susanne, Steen Carl, our two introes Nadia and Jakob and I were going to Middelgrunden in Middelfart, so the time in the bus weren't long and only made shorter by song and small-talk. It took 5 minutes, after getting off of the bus, to reach our destination: The Cottage, a nice and small place mainly used by scouts. After getting settled into our dormitories, we all joined in the large dining room for tea, cake and coffee. Then, after having stuffed our stomachs with homemade cake, we had to have an hour or two dedicated to our education. In that time we took some important behavior related problems up to debate, and we did so by being divided into six groups. We had to discuss the subject, then, create a presentation or sketch, which we had to use in front of the rest of the class to get the debate started. When we finished we had a set of ground rules about our behavior in class. Then, we had to do an Orienteering's race, which our introes had put together. To keep us busy I suspect, and we were busy, busy having fun and getting to know each other through songs and dancing. As we got closer to dinnertime, something strange happened: the boys disappeared, into the kitchen, to make Spaghetti Bolognese, and it wasn't that bad. After dinner everybody seemed to need some time relaxing, and some of the boys and girls wanted to do so in water, and even though Jakob hadn't brought a bathing suit, some of the boys still figured, that he should get into the water with them; poor Jakob got absolutely soaked through and through. Then Dee figured something out, they weren't the only ones relaxing in the ocean; the jellyfish had arrived. When everybody was back at the cottage, and everybody had dried off, it was the introes turn figure something, everybody had to show them what kind of song they'd sung, dance they'd danced and any other kind of entertainment we had created during the O-race. When we were done with the performances, everybody was tired and there were only one more thing we needed to figure out for the day, a theme for the 1.g-party, we finally reached an agreement about a Christmas-theme (Elves, Santa Claus etc.) After that we were free to do as we wanted, whether we wanted sleep or games. The next day we had to get up early and eat breakfast, so that we could cram some time for educational purposes into the mix of cleaning and packing. We ended up having sort of like a civics test, which was fun. Then, all that was left was the bus ride home to the school, and getting home afterwards. As for the conclusion about the small trip with my new class, I've figured; we had fun and the trip served its purpose, as I now know a class filled with great people.

Calculate the Expected Value in Roulette

Calculate the Expected Value in Roulette The concept of expected value can be used to analyze the casino game of roulette.  We can use this idea from probability to determine how much money, in the long run, we will lose by playing roulette.   Background A roulette wheel in the U.S. contains 38 equally sized spaces. The wheel is spun and a ball randomly lands in one of these spaces. Two spaces are green and have numbers 0 and 00 on them. The other spaces are numbered from 1 to 36. Half of these remaining spaces are red and half of them are black. Different wagers can be made on where the ball will end up landing. A common bet is to choose a color, such as red, and wager that the ball will land on any of the 18 red spaces. Probabilities for Roulette Since the spaces are the same size, the ball is equally likely to land in any of the spaces.  This means that a roulette wheel involves a uniform probability distribution. The probabilities that we will need to calculate our expected value are as follows: There are a total of 38 spaces, and so the probability that a ball lands on one particular space is 1/38.There are 18 red spaces, and so the probability that red occurs is 18/38.There are 20 spaces that are black or green, and so the probability that red does not occur is 20/38. Random Variable The net winnings on a roulette wager can be thought of as a discrete random variable. If we bet $1 on red and red occurs, then we win our dollar back and another dollar. This results in net winnings of 1. If we bet $1 on red and green or black occurs, then we lose the dollar that we bet. This results in net winnings of -1. The random variable X defined as the net winnings from betting on red in roulette will take the value of 1 with probability 18/38 and will take the value -1 with probability 20/38. Calculation of Expected Value We use the above information with the formula for expected value. Since we have a discrete random variable X for net winnings, the expected value of betting $1 on red in roulette is: P(Red) x (Value of X for Red) P(Not Red) x (Value of X for Not Red) 18/38 x 1 20/38 x (-1) -0.053. Interpretation of Results It helps to remember the meaning of expected value to interpret the results of this calculation. The expected value is very much a measurement of the center or average. It indicates what will happen in the long run every time that we bet $1 on red. While we might win several times in a row in the short term, in the long run we will lose over 5 cents on average each time that we play. The presence of the 0 and 00 spaces are just enough to give the house a slight advantage. This advantage is so small that it can be difficult to detect, but in the end, the house always wins.

Personal Trojan War experience essays

Personal Trojan War experience essays I can remember it like it was yesterday. I sat quietly in that huge horse, first thinking about how hot and crowded it was then questioning the reasons behind this battle. Wondering what I was doing going into this battle. Then suddenly my thought were interrupted by the movement of the horse. My heart began to race as I realized that I could not turn back now. At first the battle was very intense. Left and right the men came, they came to protect their king. It was if I had blinked and I looked around and saw hundreds of innocent dead people. Then I looked down and on my sword was the body of a young man and I was covered in his blood. This battle did not take long. Soon after we arrived we had killed hundreds of people not to forget we had killed the king of Troy. We were very pleased with our accomplishments. As we began to flee from the scene we set the city on fire. We attempted to flee the scene by the front gate, but it had been closed by the citizens at the beginning of the battle to prevent more people from coming. So we had to climb over the walls. After climbing the walls we ran for about a day to assure our safety. After that we slowed down and continued home. On the way there we encountered minor problems. Although these problems were small they set us back months in traveling. After six long years of traveling I finally returned home. It was the most wonderful feeling anyone could have felt. It has taken allot to get use to. My son has grown so much and I have missed so much in my families life while in Troy. Now, however, as I look back I am very happy that I am one of the lucky ones that made the journey home. ...

DQ7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DQ7 - Essay Example For example, it is a common practice in business that the quotations or estimates submitted for a project tapped by the competitors using false means. They will utilize the information in the tapped documents for their advantages while submitting their quotations for the same project. In a highly professional business world such things may not be considered as a sin. But ethically it is not a good practice since such practices may result in unhealthy competition which will be harmful to the overall business activities. A company which follows strong ethical standards in their business will never go after such undercutting methods and we can conclude that normal decisions and moral decisions are entirely different in the current world in general and in the business world in specific. Morality is a social invention which is essential for the sustainability of a society. We cannot think of a society which is filled with immoral activities, survive for a long period. For example, if robbery is legally allowed in a society to tackle poverty, what will happen? Thus moral decisions are always different from the rational decisions. Information is one of the main segments of an organization. It is often said that man, material, machine and money (4M’s) are the four major components required for the smooth functioning of an organization. In fact information is equally important with the above mentioned 4M’s of business. Like all the other resources of an organization, information of a company needs to be protected well for the business growth. It is easy for the competitors to devise strategies well in advance to counter the innovative and challenging business strategies of an organization, if the secret information of the company leaked via the managers or some other employees of the organization. The managers have a variety of the information regarding the future plans of an organization. It is necessary to keep such information as secrets for the well

The Milgram Experiment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Milgram Experiment - Research Paper Example This research paper will concentrate on discussing the Milgram experiment, the method used in this experiment and the results of the experiment. Literature review Most people would answer no, when ordered by a person in authority to deliver an electrical shock of 400-volts to another person, but Stanley Milgram conducted obedience experiments that showed results which were surprising. Experiments like this offer a disturbing and powerful look in the power of obedience and authority. Shortly after the trial of Adolph Eichmann had begun who was a World War II criminal Milgram started his experiments. Adolph Eichmann’s defense roused Milgram’s interest when he said he was following instructions when he ordered millions of Jews to be killed. "Could it be true that Eichmann and his were just following orders accomplices during the Holocaust? Could we call them all accomplices?" (Milgram, 1974); this is the question Milgram posed in his book Obedience to Authority. The Milgra m Experiment method The Milgram experiment involved 40 participants who were men who were recruited in for exchange for $4.50 due to their participation. In this experiment, Milgram had to develop a shock generator that was intimidating. This shock generator had shock levels that started at 30-volts and had an increment of 15-volt up to 450-volts. Switches had terms labeled slight shock, moderate shock, severe shock and finally two switches that were labeled XXX. Each of the participants took the role of a teacher delivering a shock to a student each time there was a production of an incorrect answer. Participants in this case thought that they delivered ideal shocks to the respective student, while actually the student in the experiment was pretending to get a shock. The participant heard the learner plead for a release or complain of a heart condition as the experiment progressed. After reaching the 300-volts level, the learner had a demand to be released and banged on the wall. T he learner refused to answer and remained silent, refusing to answer more questions. Milgram, who was the experimenter, then gave instructions to the participant to deliver another shock when there is silence treating silence as a response that is incorrect. Most of these participants asked Milgram whether to continue delivering these shocks. Then Milgram issued a series of commands to determine what the participant would follow his orders. Milgram first commanded the participant to continue delivering shocks; he then commanded them that the experiment required that they continue delivering shocks. He then commanded them that it was essential that they continued delivering these shocks. Finally, he commanded them that they had no other choice but to continue delivering those shocks. In his book Obedience to Authority Milgram quotes that social psychology reveals a lesson that not what kind of person a man is, but the kind of a situation in which he can be, that determine the action of a person, (Milgram, 1974). Milgram Experiment results The measure of obedience was determined by the levels of shock that participants were willing to subject to the learner. Milgram once posed a question to a group of students at Yale University as to how far they thought most participants were willing to go. The prediction was that not more than 3 percent of the participan

Management Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management Information Systems - Essay Example Moreover, virtual reality applies the use of head mounted display that accelerates immersion and eliminates any form of interference from the real world. Notably, augmented reality combine the use of real life images and the three major display techniques, unlike the virtual reality that displays graphic information on handheld display and physical objects (Viega, 2010). Question # 2 The augmented reality is more appealing to the marketers than virtual reality, since nearly everyone has already experienced it, and is appreciating its application. Moreover, it can be applied in numerous commercial fields including sports and games, image guided surgery in medical procedures, marketing among other industries sectors. Additionally, markers prefer AR technology since it can be manipulated to produce interesting images for interesting marketing especially the phone applications (Maclntosh, 2010). Question # 3 The augmented reality has found its applicability in the real estate marketing s ince it readily avails real estate information and listings using phone applications. Moreover, the incorporated phone applications are easy to use by the phone users e.g. in locating a real estate. Additionally, the AR technology has made it easy to use small photographs that can easily be incorporated in the phone applications showing the features of the real estate or the actual property. Other than the mentioned applications of AR technology, it can be used as maps incorporating routes within a section of the city, museum. Furthermore, it can be used in the hotel industry advertisement (Maclntosh, 2010). Reference Maclntosh R. S. (2010). â€Å"Portable Real Estate Listings with a Difference, â€Å"United States, NY: The New York Times. Viega A. (2010). â€Å"Augmented Reality For Real Estate Search,’ NY: Associated Press. Interactive Session: Management, â€Å"Piloting Valero with Real Time Management† Question # 1 The management team needs to address several is sues before developing the Valero’s dashboard. Among the issues is how efficient the dashboard will assist in the management of the organization (Henderson, 2009). How many managers will the dashboards availed in their offices? Moreover, if the dashboard is to be availed to the public, will the company records remain save? Additionally, will the dashboard compromise quality of production? Question # 2 The availability of the dashboard in the remote areas of the organization makes it possible for any form of deterioration of quality in the refining process to be easily identified and corrective measure taken as soon as possible (Kahn, 2010). Moreover, the dashboard quickly reveals the occurrence of any production measures thus quick corrective measures taken unlike undertaking manual operation to the plant in determining where the problem might have emerged. Question # 3 Since the dashboards are to be separated, each dashboard will only need to display certain information. For quality performance, the refining dashboard will only be required to display certain information for quality performance. The refining dashboard shows the information including history of production and the current production data (Kahn, 2010). This would facilitate comparison thus quality assessment and

Describe Your Own Leadership Style Essay Example for Free

Describe Your Own Leadership Style Essay Jim Collins and a group of 22 research associates conducted a five-year research project searching an answer on the question ‘how a company from merely good can be transformed to great one’ and identified that behind this transformation lies a level 5 leader. Level 5 leadership refers to the highest level in a hierarchy of manager’s capabilities. A level 5 leader transforms the organisation into a great institution through a paradoxical combination of personal humility plus professional will. Beneath Level 5 leaders, lie four other layers, each one appropriate in its own right but none with the power of Level 5. Level 1 leader is a high capable individual who plays an important role in the success of his organisation through his talent, knowledge, skills and good work habits. A level 2 leader is a contributing team member who is very good with his team members and ensures that his team meets its assigned objectives and fulfils the core purpose. A level 3 leader is a competent manager who is skilled at organising people and resources towards the effective and efficient pursuit of predetermined objectives. A level 4 leader is an effective leader. He sets high-level performance standards. He is remarkable at motivating his people and leading them towards realising his vision of the organisation. (Appendix 1, p. 11 summarises all levels of Collins’ Leadership Hierarchy) (Collins, J. (2005). Level 5 Leadership: The Triumph of Humility and Fierce Resolve, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 83. No. 7, p. 136-146) The purpose of this assignment is to conduct an evaluation of my own style of leadership within the organisation in which I work by using the above hierarchy as a frame of reference. In order to produce a thorough assessment on both my style and the usefulness of Collin’s model, a range of other theories and concepts must be taken into consideration. However, before proceeding to the analysis and evaluation, it would be helpful first to know the position I hold as well as its responsibilities within the organisation. A Brand Manager, member of the Marketing Department, is responsible for the planning, development and implementation of the Companys marketing activities, among others: Launching of new products, market research studies, promotional activities/materials, to organize and execute the raining programs for the Sales Force. In order to become an efficient and effective Brand manager, the company is requiring knowledge (good academic background), experience and managerial skills including: Strategic and analytic capabilities, entrepreneurial spirit, team player, and flexibility and strong skills in communication and leadership. The Idea of Leadership It is most likely to find a topic more important to business success today than leadership. Leadership is defined as the ability to influence people toward the achievement of goals. Leadership occurs among people, involves the use of influence and it is used to attain goals. Leaders are expected to persuade or inspire people, produce cooperative efforts and pursue goals. Leadership is different from management, though the two are easily confused. One may be a leader without being a manager and many managers cannot ‘lead a squad of seven- years –olds to the ice cream counter’ according to Gardner (1989). Gardner believes that there are several dimensions for distinguishing leadership from management. Leaders think long-term, look outside as well as inside and influence others regardless the position that they possess. In order to understand the idea of Leadership and which are the characteristics a leader usually has, studies and research have been conducted and several approaches to leadership styles as well as theories are arose. Some of them are going to be related to Collin’s Level 5 leadership hierarchy as well as to my own style of leadership. (Daft R. L. , Management, ch. 16, Leadership in Organisations , p. 514-515) Level 1 Leader The Leadership Traits Approach Leadership trait approach is the oldest approach to the study of leadership. From this approach occurs that there are certain qualities in some people that define them as leaders or potential leaders. Traits therefore are the distinguishing personal characteristics such as intelligence, values and appearance. Leaders extend their power and use their abilities to influence events. Effective leaders are usually more intelligent, more dependable, responsible and more active. They usually ask for more information and give out more information. However, the ppropriateness of a trait or a set of traits depends on the leadership situation. The same traits do not apply to every organisation or situation. (Appendix 2, p. 11 summarises the physical, social and personal leadership characteristics) On the contrary, Collin’s Hierarchy is consisted of several characteristics/ capabilities that most can be found also in the leadership trait approach such as knowledge, achievement to drive and working effectively with others in a group setting. However, two characteristics that are of great importance are not included in it. There are the most important ones and are a necessary requirement for transforming an organisation from good to great, humility and professional will. (Diploma in Management, Module book 1, section 6, Teams in Management, p. 6. 16) However, in order to understand in what extent these two concepts can be correlated, we can use ourselves as an example. For instance, my position requires being a highly capable individual (Collin’s Hierarchy Level 1). How can I accomplish this requirement? By demonstrating many of the personal traits such as intelligence, knowledge, judgement and cognitive ability. For instance, the products that I handle have intense competition. Good knowledge of the market as well as intelligent moves made them to differentiate from competition. The creation of a guideline for treatment at home as well as the delivery of the products at home gave a benefit to them. As a result, Doctors preferred to prescribe these products for long term use and hade great impact on the company’s name and reliability. When we speak of leadership, either we refer to the qualities/ competencies of an individual or we can refer to a function of organisation. The ‘trait’ theory of leadership- the traditional or popular management view of leadership- focuses on the concept that leadership is a quality or set of qualities particular to an individual. On the contrary, the group dynamics theory sees leadership as a function of organisation. Level 2 Leader Task versus people perspective styles Task versus people perspective styles of leadership do not take into consideration the organisation as a whole. They focus on teams. Every group of people has a task to accomplish. However, since groups are composed of people, several needs arise from them. According to the group dynamics theory of leadership, the person who adequately fulfils the needs that the group perceive to be the most important could be considered as an effective leader. A working team need to fulfil two functions. First, its formal tasks must be fulfilled. In order this to be accomplished; a set of competencies must be evolved. Technical knowledge, innovation and sense of achievement are related with the instrumental need to perform the tasks. Second, needs for affiliation, interaction and mutual support are usually observed within a team. Such needs are called expressive needs. The person who becomes leader must facilitate the satisfaction of some of the teams’ needs. This leader emerges to the group because he is the best able to help the group survive and succeed. ) (Master in Business Administration, Module book 3, section 1 The Theory of Leadership, p. 1. 7-1-11) According to Collin’s leadership hierarchy, the leader that is described in the group dynamics approach could be characterised as a level 2 leader. A contributing team member who is very good with his team members and ensures that his team meets its assigned objectives and fulfils the core purpose. Both group dynamics approach and Collins hierarchy are useful in helping us to see how leaders may relate to team members and to situations. (Collins, J. , (2005). Level 5 Leadership: The Triumph of Humility and Fierce Resolve, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 83. No. 7, p. 136-146) As a Brand Manager, one of my responsibilities to support our sales team by providing them with moderate amounts of detail and focus on why it is important for the team members to complete our objectives. However, I believe that co-owning the objective/action plan with team members and asking team members ideas as well as offering my own ideas is more efficient and can lead us easier to our goals. Besides, It is better to have, for instance, five people to think rather than one. Therefore, I strongly believe that teamwork can lead to better results. Level 3 Leader The Contingency Theory According to contingency models, leadership depends as much on the situation of the group as on the leader himself or herself. Thus, we have a choice; either the leader can fit to the situation or change effectively the situation to fit the leader. As we can understand, leadership is different for first-level supervisors than for chief executives and the kind of leadership needed for skilled and highly motivated followers may not work for followers who are alienated and untrained. According to Fiedler, contingency model divides the leadership situation into three variables. In order to determine the most effective leadership style, we must consider the inter-relationship of the three contingencies: leader – member relations, task- structure and position power. 1. Leader – member relations, where mutual trust, respect and open communication exist and can be consider as advantageous. This means that tasks are clear and structured and members are aware of the power the leader holds. On the other hand, where there is little or no trust, respect of communication, then the relationship can be characterised as disadvantageous (control over the situation is needed and a focus on a task will not detract from the leaders/ team relationship because this is not essential to start with. 2.  Task- structure, when work is highly structured and easy to know when somebody has not complied with an instruction and it is easy to impose sanctions. However, when work is unstructured, leaders cannot enforce compliance with external controls and therefore, the leader has much less power than when work is highly structured. 3. Position power, is the extent to which a leader has formal authority over the followers. When position power is high then the leader has the power to plan and direct the work of followers, evaluate it and accordingly reward or punish it. On the other hand, when position power is low, the leader has little authority over followers. (Appendix 3, p. 11 presents Fiedler’s examination on how Leader Style fits the situation) Finally, according to Fiedler, task-oriented leaders tend to be more effective in situations that are either highly advantageous or highly disadvantageous to them and that relationship-oriented leaders tend to be more effective in situations that are moderately advantageous to them. (Bolman,L. G. , Terrence,D. E. , Reframing Organisations, Ch. , Reframing Leadership, p. 342-344) According to Collin, a level 3 leader is a competent manager who is skilled at organising people and resources towards the effective and efficient pursuit of predetermined objectives. However, as it is showed above, an efficient leader must differ from situation to situation or from team to team, according to its special characteristics. Analysing a level 3 leader in correlation with Contingency theory, we understand tha t a level 3 leader should consider both leader –member relations and tasks. Predetermined objectives cannot be achieved, if mutual trust, respect and open communication do not exist in a team and if tasks are not highly structured and followers do not know precisely their responsibilities. However, we must never ignore the extent to which a leader has formal authority over the followers. (Collins, J. , (2005). Level 5 Leadership: The Triumph of Humility and Fierce Resolve, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 83. No. 7, p. 136-146) For instance, according to my position, my everyday contact is with the sales team. According to my opinion, it is clear that trust, respect as well as open communication and mutual understanding exist within our team. One of the responsibilities of my position is to organise in some extent, their work by indicating them what is our goal and how we can reach it, with what tools and where we want to focus. Another one is to monitor our products sales and ask questions whenever I believe it is necessary. However, my position power is not as high as to evaluate them and reward or punish them accordingly.