Blogs are Only a Fad :: Internet Online Communication Essays

Blogs are Only a Fad With the beginning of the 21st century well under way, we find ourselves in the midst of a digital revolution. New technology seems to be springing up every other day, and old ones are continuously being replaced by improved versions of their precursors, if not being replaced by something entirely new. The internet is probably one of the most influential inventions of our time, bringing about a whole slew of other technologies into our lives. One particular technology of interest is the weblog, more often referred to as "blog". Blogs are essentially online journals where one can write and post their thoughts, which then become available for be read by anyone with access to the internet. Blog software such as Movable Type allows one to easily publish their entries online with a few clicks of the mouse. The convenience and accessibility of using blogs are what have made them so popular, especially among the younger generation. Despite their advantages, however, blogs are simply a fad, and will make no significant impact on our society or the way we write, because ultimately, we desire more permanence in our writing than a mere sequence of binary codes. The primitive cavemen of the prehistoric era, the Sumerians of the Fertile Crescent and Shakespeare all have something in common - typography. The cavemen etched crude drawings on walls, the Sumerians pressed pictographic marks into clay tablets using a stylus, and Shakespeare wrote poetry using a quill pen and ink. Though their writings vary greatly in elegance or sophistication, each of them left their marks so that their history and contributions may forever be preserved. As William J. Mitchell points out in his essay, "In the thousands of years since, humankind has figured out innumerable ways to bind words permanently to matter...to carve them into clay and stone, to print them on paper, to form them out of unlikely things like neon tubes, and furtively to spray them onto walls" (Mitchell 2003). The fact that mankind has been practicing the act of writing for eons is proof that we, as human beings, desire to leave writing as records so that future generations may read them a nd know of our actions and thoughts. If we did not feel the need to preserve our knowledge permanently, it would be passed down orally, and we would not care to preserve what little writing that would be done out of necessity.

Filtration & Centrifugation

FILTRATION â€Å"Filtration may be defined as a process of separation of solids from a fluid by passing the same through a porous medium that retains the solids, but allows the fluid to pass through. † The suspension to be filtered is known as slurry. The porous medium used to retain the solids is known as filter medium. The accumulated solids on the filter are referred to as filter cake, while the clear liquid passing through the filter is filtrate. When solids are present in a very low concentration i. e. , not exceeding 1. 0% w/v, the process of its separation from liquid is called ‘clarification’. Process of filtration: The filtration operation is shown below in the figure * The pores of the filter medium are smaller than the size of the particles to be separated. * Filter medium (for eg: filter paper or muslin cloth) is placed on a support (a sieve). * When slurry (feed) is passed over the filter medium, the fluid flows through the filter medium by virtue of a pressure differential across the filter. * Gravity is acting on the liquid column. Therefore, solids are trapped on the surface of the filter medium Figure 1: filtration Once the preliminary layer of particles is deposited, further filtration is brought about wherein the filter medium serves only as a support. * The filter will work efficiently only after an initial deposit. * After a particular point of time, the resistance offered by the filter cake is high that virtually filtration is stopped. For this reason, a positive pressure is applied on the filter cake (upstream) or negative pressure (suction) is applied below the filter medium (downstream). Factors affecting the rate of filtration: The rate of filtration which depends on various factors can be written as: Rate of filtration = Area of filter X Pressure difference Viscosity X Resistance of cake and filter The rate of filtration depends on the following factors: 1. Pressure: * The rate of filtration of liquid is directly proportional to the pressure difference between the ‘filter medium’ and ‘filter cake’. * Thus, the rate of filtration can be increased by applying pressure on the liquid being filtered or by decreasing the pressure beneath the filter. 2. Viscosity: * The rate of filtration is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the liquid undergoing filtration. Liquids which are very viscous get filtered slowly in comparison to liquids with low viscosity. * Reduction of viscosity of a liquid by raising the temperature is frequently done in order to accelerate filtration. eg: syrups are more quickly filtered when hot and cold. 3. Surface area of filter media: * The rate of filtratio n is directly proportional to the surface area of filter media. * Pleating the filter paper or using a fluted funnel increases the effective surface area of filter paper for filtration. Filter press also works on the same principle. 4. Temperature of liquid to be filtered: Temperature plays an important role in the rate of filtration. * Viscosity is reduced by a rise in temperature and the filtration of viscous oils, syrups etc is often accelerated by filtering them while they are still hot. 5. Particle size: * The rate of filtration is directly proportional to the particle size of the solid to be removed. * It is easier to filter a liquid having coarse particles than that having finely divided particles because coarse filtering medium can be used to filter liquid having coarse and hence it increases the rate of filtration. Therefore before filtration, some method should be adopted to agglomerate the finely divided particles into coarse particles or to increase the particle size by precipitation. 6. Pore size of filter media: * The rate of filtration is directly proportional to the pore size of the filter media. * The liquid having coarse particles requires a coarse filtering media to remove them. So, the rate of filtration is increased when a coarse filter medium is used for filtration. 7. Thickness of cake: * The rate of filtration is inversely proportional to the thickness of the filter cake formed during the process of filtration. As the filtration process proceeds, the solid particles start depositing on the filter medium, and thus, it increases the thickness of the cake and decreases the rate of filtration. 8. Nature of the solid material: * The rate of filtration is directly proportional to the porosity of the filter cake. * The porosity of the filter cake depends on the nature of the solid particles to be removed from the liquid. * Filter aids are sometimes added to the filtering liquid to make a porous cake Theories of filtration The flow of a liquid thorough a filter follows the basic rules that govern the flow of any liquid through the medium offering resistance. The rate of flow may be expressed as: Driving force Rate = ——————– (equation 1) Resistance The rate of filtration may be expressed as volume (lit) per unit time (dv/dt). The driving force is the pressure differential between the upstream and downstream of the filter. The resistance is not constant. It increases with an increase in the deposition of solids on the filter medium. Therefore filtration is not a steady state. The rate of flow will be greatest at the beginning of the filtration process, since the resistance is minimum. Once the filter cake is formed, its surface acts as filter medium and solids continuously deposit adding to the thickness of the cake. The resistance to flow is related to several factors as mentioned below. Length of capillaries Resistance to movement = ———————————————————— Poiseuille’s Equation: Poiseuille’s considered that filtration is similar to the stream line flow of a liquid under pressure through capillaries. Poiseuille’s equation is ? pr4 V = —————– 8L? Where, V= rate of flow, i. e. , volume of liquid flowing in unit time, m3/s(1/s) p = pressure difference across the filter, pa r = radius of the capillary in the filter bed, m L = thickness of the filter cake (capillary length), m = viscosity of filtrate, pa s If the cake is composed of a bulky mass of particles and the liquid flows through the interstices (correspond to a multiplicity of capillary tubes), then the flow of liquids through these may be expressed by poiseulle’s equation. Darcy’s Equation: Poiseuille’s law assumes that the capillaries found in the filter are highly irregular and nonuniform. Therefore, if the length of a capillary is taken as the thickness of the bed, correction factor for radius is applied so that the rate equat ion is closely approximated and simplified. The factor influencing the rate of filtration has been incorporated into an equation by Darcy, which is: KA P V = ——————– ? L Where, K = permeability coefficient of the cake, m2 A = surface area of the porous bed (filter medium), m2 p = pressure difference across the filter, pa L = thickness of the filter cake (capillary length), m ? = viscosity of filtrate, pa s The term K depends on the characteristics of the cake, such as porosity, surface area and compressibility. Permeability may be defined quantitatively as the flow rate of a liquid of unit viscosity across a unit area of cake having unit thickness under a pressure gradient of unity. This model relates not only to filter beds or cakes but also applies to other types of depth filter. Equipment is valid for liquids flowing through sand, glass beads and various porous media. Darcy’s equation is further modified by including characteristics of K by Kozeny-Carman. Kozeny-Carman Equation: Poiseuille’s equation is made applicable to porous bed, based on a capillary type structure by including additional parameters. Thus the resultant equation, which is widely used for filtration is Konzeny- Carman equation. A p ? 3 ?S2 KL (1- ? )2 V = —— ——- ——– Where, ? = porosity of the cake (bed) S = specific surface area of the particles comprising the cake, m2/m3 K = Konzeny constant p = pressure difference across the filter, pa L = thickness of the filter cake (capillary length), m ? = viscosity of filtrate, pa s The Konzeny constant is usually taken as 5. The effect of compressibility of the cake on flow rate can be appreciated from equation (1), since the flow rate is proportional to ? 3/ (1- ? )2. A 10 percent change in porosity can produce almost 3-fold change inn V. Limitations of Kozeny Carman equation: Kozeny Carman equation does not take in to account of the fact that the depth of the granular bed is lesser than the actual path traversed by the fluid. The actual path is not straight throughout the bed, but it is sinuous or tortuous Mechanisms of filtration: The mechanism whereby particles are retained by a filter is significant only in the initial stages of filtration. Some of the mechanisms are: Straining: Similar to sieving i. e. , the particles of larger size cannot pass through the smaller pore size of the filter medium. Impingement: Solids having momentum move along the path of streamline flow and strike (impinge) the filter medium. Thus, the solids are retained on the filter medium. Entanglement: Particles become entwined (entangled) in the mass of fibres (of cloth with a fine hairy surface or porous felt) due to smaller size of particles than the pore size. Thus the solids are retained on the filter medium. Attractive forces: Solids are retained on the filter medium as a result of attractive forces between particles and filter medium, as in case of electrostatic precipitation. FILTER MEDIA AND FILTER AIDS Filter media: The filter medium act as a mechanical support for the filter cake and is also responsible for the collection of solids. Filter medium should have the following characteristics: 1. It should have sufficient mechanical strength. 2. It must be inert; it should not show chemical or physical interaction. 3. It should not absorb the dissolved material. 4. It should allow the maximum passage of liquid, while retaining the solids. It means that it must offer low resistance to flow. The magnitude of the resistance of the filter medium will change due to the layers of solids deposited earlier, which may block the pores or may form bridges over the entrances of the channels. Therefore, the pressure should be kept low at the beginning to avoid the plugging of the pores. The usual procedure is to filter at constant rate by increasing the pressure as necessary. When normal working pressure is reached, it is maintained. On continued filtration, the thickness of the cake further builds up and hence the rate of filtration decreases. When the rate is uneconomical, filtration is stopped. The filter cake is removed and filtration is restarted. Materials: The following materials are used as filter media: 1. Woven materials such as felt or cloth: * Woven material is made of wool, cotton, silk, glass, metal or synthetic fibres (rayon, nylon etc. ) * Synthetic fibres have greater chemical resistance than wool or cotton, which are affected by alkali and acid respectively. * The choice of the fibre depends on the chemical reactivity with the slurry. . Perforated sheet metal: * For eg: stainless steel plates have pores which act as channels as in case of meta filter (edge filter). 3. Bed of granular solid built up on a supporting medium: * In some processes, a bed of graded solids may be formed to reduce the resistance to the flow. * Typical examples of granular solids are gravel, sand, asbestos, paper, pulp an d keiselguhr. * The choice of solids depends on the size of the solids in the process. 4. Prefabricated porous solid unit: * Porous solids prefabricated into a single unit are being increasingly used for its convenience and effectiveness. Sintered glass, sintered metal, earthenware and porous plastics are some of the materials used for the fabrication. 5. Cartridge filter media: * Cartridge units are economical and available in pore size of 100 µm to even less than 0. 2  µm. * These can be used either as surface cartridges or depth type cartridges. a) Surface type cartridges: * These are corrugated and resin treated papers. These are used in hydraulic lines. * Ceramic cartridges are advantageous in cleaning for reuse by back flushing or firing. * Porcelain filter candles are used for sterile filtration. ) Depth type cartridges: * These are made of cotton, asbestos or cellulose. * These are disposable items, since cleaning is not feasible. Filter Aids: Filter aid forms a surface deposit which screens out the solids and also prevents the plugging of the supporting filter medium. The important characteristics of the filter aids are: 1. Chemically inert to the liquid being filtered and free from impurities. 2. Low specific gravity, so that filter aids remain suspended in liquid. 3. Porous rather than dense, so that previous cake can be formed. 4. Recoverable Justification: The object of the filter aid is to prevent the medium from becoming blocked and to form an open, porous cake, hence reducing the resistance to flow of the filtrate. a) Usually low resistance is offered by the filter medium itself, but as layers of solid built up the resistance will be increased. The cake may become impervious by blocking of the pore in the medium. Flow rate is inversely proportional to the resistance of the solid cake. b) Slimy or gelatinous material and highly compressible substances form impermeable cakes. The filter medium gets plugged and the flow of filtrate stops. Disadvantages: * The filter aids remove the coloured substances by absorbing them. Sometimes active principles such as alkaloids are absorbed on the filter aid. * Rarely, filter aids are a source of contaminants such as soluble iron salts, which can provoke degradation of sensitive ingredients. * Liquid retained in the pores of the filter cake is lost in the manufacturing process. Example of filter aids: * Keiselguhr, Talc, Charcoal, Asbestos, Paper pulp, Bentonite, Fullers earth * Activated charcoal is used for removal of organic and inorganic impurities. Keiselguhr is a successful filter aid and as little as 0. 1% can be added to the slurry. The rate of filtration is increased by 5 times or more, at the above concentration, though the slurry contains 20% solids. Handling of filter aids: Filter aids are mostly used for clarification processes, i. e. , where solids are discarded. Different flow rates can be achieved depending on the grade of the aids. * Low flow rate (fine solids) â €“ fine grade filter aids –mainly intended for clarity. * Fast flow rate (coarse solids) -coarse grade filter aids –acceptable filtrate. The filter aid can be employed in either one or both ways. a) Firstly, a pre coat is formed over the medium. For this purpose, a suspension of the filter aid is filtered to give a coating up to 0. 5/m2. b) Secondly, a small proportion of filter aid (0. 1-0. 5% of total batch weight) is purposely added to the slurry. So the filter cake has a porous structure and filtration can be efficient. The filter aid of 1-2 parts per each part of contaminant is mixed in the feed tank. This slurry is re circulated through the filter until a clear filtrate is obtained. Filtration then proceeds to completion. The body mix method minimises equipment requirement and cross contamination potentials. Sterile Filtration: Sterile filtration is carried out for removal of microorganisms from fluids. It is a cheap and satisfactory method for sterilizing heat-sensitive (thermolabile) materials. The method implies the use of membrane filters which do not impart any particulate matter, fibers, or chemical reaction to the filtrate unlike unglazed porcelain candles, asbestos pads and other filters. In addition, no pretreatment is required, cleaning is no problem and the filters can be autoclaved or gas sterilized after assembly in its holder. Even when sterility is not warranted but ‘polishing’ (removal of particulate matter including live or dead bacterial cells in order to obtain high purity and clarity) is desired in products like oral or topical antibiotic preparations, membrane filters are the best choice. The following filters are used for bacterial filtration: 1. Candle filter 2. Seitz filter 3. Edge filter 4. Sintered glass filter 5. Membrane filter Candle filters: Candle filters are made of unglazed porcelain and are available in various porosity grades, either cylindrical or in the shape of the flanged test tube. Normally the filtration is so carried out that the liquid flow is from is from outside inwards and greater filtration surface is available to the incoming liquids. Candle filters can be sterilized by steaming, by hot moist air, or by autoclaving. Cleaning may be affected by drawing a large volume of distilled water through the candle filter thereby completely washing the previous solution from the pores. Thus the surface of the filter should be gently scrubbed with a soft brush, rinsed well with water and finally ignited in a muffle furnace. The main disadvantage of such filters s that the pores become plugged with organisms and debris which necessitate a very thorough cleaning. Sietz filter: It consists of an asbestos pad. The pads are available in several porosities that make them valuable for ‘polishing’ of solutions as well as removal of bacteria. Unless however the filter is backed with nylon mesh or sintered stainless steel: fibers occasionally get into the solutio n. The lower edge is fitted with a broad flat flange and the upper part is cylindrical. A perforated plate fitted into a lower part of the funnel supports the asbestos pad. As the pads are meant only for single use, the cleaning of filter media is no problem. Each time a fresh pad is to be used. The apparatus is simple in operation but suitable mostly for small quantities of liquids. Sintered glass filters: These are made of borosilicate glass. Borosilicate glass is finely powdered, sieved and particle of desired size are separated. It is then packed in to a disc mould and heated to a temperature at which adhesion takes place between the particles. The disc is then fused to a funnel of suitable shape and size. The sintered glass filters are available in different pore size. Hence the funnel with a sintered filter is numbered according to the pore size. The filtration is carried out under reduced pressure. These funnels are used for bacterial filtration. Sintered filters are also available in stainless steel which has a greater mechanical strength. However these are very much liable to attack by the solutions passing through them. Edge filters: In edge filters a pack of the filter media used and filtration is done edges by passing the liquid or slurry between and not through the media. Such filtration must be conducted under pressure or under partial vaccum system. Meta filter and stream line filter are two types of edge filters but the former is of greater use in pharmaceutical industry. Meta filters: Meta filters are useful in those manufacturing processes where filter presses are not frequently suitable. It requires no cloth, gauges, paper etc. and may be used at any pressure and temperature and for any liquid. It can be thoroughly cleaned after each operation. In its simplest form, meta filters consists of a grooved drainage rod or guide tube on which a series of rings are packed. On keeping the pack and finds its way along the grooves in drainage rod and ultimately to the receiver. These may be operated with pressure or under vaccum system. The rings are usually of stainless steel, of about 15mm inside diameter, 22mm outside diameter and 0. 8mm in thickness, with a number of semicircular projections on one surface. These pressure filters can be used for the filtration of very viscous liquids such as syrups or oils by fitting a steam jacket and rendering the liquids less viscous. They are also useful in the clarification of injection solutions and products such as insulin liquids. This type of filter can be cleaned easily by back-flushing with water or steam. Because of the shape of the pores in the ring, back-flushing will wash away the filter bed completely. Meta filters are very economic in use. Streamline filters: Operation wise and also geometrically, the streamline filter is similar to meta filter but the cylindrical filter pack consists of compressed paper discs. The liquid flow takes place radially inwards through the small space between individual papers and through the papers themselves. Membrane filters: * Ultra filtration methods have become popular in recent years mainly due to increased refinement of various membranes. Cellulose and cellulose derivatives are mostly commonly used materials for these filters. They are available in a wide range of pore sizes, ranging from 8 µ down to 0. 22 µ. * However, for sterile filtration, membranes with pore size of 0. 22 to 0. 45 µ are usually specified. * As such fine porosity of membranes may get clogged rapidly, a prefilter is used to remove colloidal matter in order to extend th e filtration cycle. * The filter primarily acts as a simple screen and retains on its surface all particles of size greater than the pore size of the filter (resembling sieving action). Due to an enormous number of very fine pores, the pore volume approximates 80% of the total volume of the membrane. * The action of the filter is mainly due to the combined forces of gravity and van Der Waals forces. * Membrane efficiency can be predicted in terms of its bubble point which is a characteristic function of porosity. It is defined as the pressure required to push air through a liquid saturated filter. Filter pores retain liquid until this point is reached. * Each membrane has specific bubble point which depends on the liquid wetting the membrane. An obvious disadvantage of membrane filter is their brittleness when dry and this makes handling difficult. The use of filters in cartridge form, overcomes this problem. * Apart from the small laboratory models, large models are available for p ilot plant and small scale production to handle up to about 25litres/minute of liquid through a 0. 45 µ pore size membrane. * Membrane filters find extensive use in filtration and sterilization of a variety of pharmaceutical products such as ophthalmic and intravenous solutions, other aqueous products, biological preparations, hormones and enzymes. In conjunction with a suitable pipette syringe, it is very useful in dispensing measured volumes of sterile fluids. * This assembly is often utilized for handling of pharmaceutical, biological and bacteriological preparations which can be damaged by metallic contact. Centrifugation Centrifugation is a unit operation employed for separating the constituents present in the dispersion with the aid of the centrifugal force. Equipment used for centrifugation is centrifuge. Centrifugal force is used to provide the driving force for the separation. It replaces the gravitation force in the sedimentation. Centrifugation is particularly useful when separation by ordinary filtration is difficult. Centrifugation provides convenient method of separating two immiscible liquids or solid from liquid. * Centrifugation is a separation process which uses the action of centrifugal force to promote accelerated settling of particles in a solid-liquid mixture. * If particles size in the dispersions is 5 micro meter or less, they undergo Brownian motion, hence they do not Sediment under gravity, therefore a stronger force, centrifugal force is applied in order to separate Two distinct major phases are formed in the vessel during centrifugation: The  sediment Usually does not have a uniform structure. The  centrifugate  or  centrate  which is the supernatant liquid. Process of centrifugation: The centrifuge consists of a container in which mixture of solid and liquid or two solids is placed and rotated at high speeds. The mixture is separated into it’s constituent parts by the action of the centrifugal force on their densities. A solid or liquid with higher specific gravity is thrown outward with greater force & it is retained at the bottom of the container leaving a clear supernatant liquid. The speed of the centrifuge is commonly expressed in terms of number of revolutions per minute. Theory of centrifugation: If a particle (mass = m kg) spins in a centrifuge (radius r, m) at a velocity (v, m s-1) then the centrifugal force (F, N) acting on the particle equals m v2/r. The same particle experiences gravitational force (G, Newton) = m g (where g = acceleration due to gravity) Centrifugal force = f = mv2/r Centrifugal effect (C) = F/G = mv2 /mgr (v = 2 ? r n ) c = (2? r n)2/ g r = 4 ? 2r n2/ g (d= r/2) = 2 ? 2 d n2/ g (g = 9. 807) C = 2. 013 d n2 Centrifugal effect, C= 2. 013 n2d n= speed of rotation( revolution per second of centrifuge) * d= diameter of rotation So * Centrifugal effect is directly proportional to diameter of rotation * Centrifugal effect is directly proportional to (speed of rotation)2 There are two main types of centrifuge used to achieve separation on an industrial scale, * Filtration centrifuge: Those using perforated baskets, which perform a filtratio n-type operation (work like a spin-dryer) and * Sedimentation centrifuge : Those with a solid walled vessel, where particles sediment towards the wall under the influence of the centrifugal orce Perforated basket centrifuge: Figure: Perforated Basket Centrifuge In this type of centrifuge, a basket is mounted above a driving shaft. This type of centrifuges are used for batch processes. Principle: Perforated basket (bowl) centrifuge is a filtration centrifuge. The separation through a perforated wall based on the difference in the densities of solid and liquid phases. The bowl contains a perforated side wall. During centrifugation, the liquid phase passes through a perforated wall, while solid phase is retained in the bowl. The solids are removed after stopping the centrifuge. Construction: It consists of a basket, made of steel (sometimes covered by vulcanite or led) or copper. The material of construction should be such that it offers greatest resistance to corrosion. The basket may have diameter of 0. 90 meters and capacity of 0. 085 meter cube. The diameter of perforations must be based on the size of crystals to be separated. The basket is suspended on a vertical shaft and is driven by a motor using suitable power system. Perforated basket is kept in a casing which collects the filtrate and discharges it through outlet. Working: The material to be separated kept in the basket. The loading of material must be done to give an even distribution. The power is applied to run the basket at speed of 1000 rpm. During centrifugation the liquid passes through the perforated wall and solid phase retaind in the basket. Uses: * Perforated basket centrifuge is extensively used for separation of crystalline drugs (aspirin) from mother liquor. Sugar crystals are separated using the perforated basket centrifuge. * Precipitated proteins from insulin can be separated. Advantages: * The process is rapid * The final product has low moisture content * It cam handle slurries with high proportion of solids even those having paste like consistency * Dissolved solids from cake can be separated. Disadvantages: * On prolonged operation solids may form hard cake. * It is a batch process. Non-Perforated Centrifuge: Principle This is sedimentation centrifuge. The separation is based on the difference in the densities of solid and liquid phases without a porous barrier. The bowl contains a non perforated side wall. During centrifugation, solid phase is retained on the sides of the basket and liquid remains at the top removed by skimming tube. Construction: It consists of a basket, made of steel (sometimes covered by vulcanite or led) or copper. The material of construction should be such that it offers greatest resistance to corrosion. The basket is suspended on a vertical shaft and is driven by a motor using suitable power system Working: The feed is continuously introduced into the centrifuge while the liquid (centrate) is continuously removed from an overflow weir inside the centrifuge * Solids build up during centrifugation forming a cake that must be periodically discharged Figure: Non-Perforated Basket Centrifuge * After the basket becomes filled with solids the centrifuge slows down and â€Å"skimming† (the removal of the top semi-liquid soft cake layer) takes place * Skimming typically removes 5 to 15% of the bowl solid volume * The bulk of the cake is discharged using a ploughing knife moving into the slowly rotating cake * The solid is discharged centrally at the bottom of the centrifuge * Solid accumulation is typically up to 60 to 85% of the maximum available depth * This type of centrifuge is typically operated at low centrifugal forces and has a relatively low solid handling capacity. The imperforated basket centrifuge is the only basket centrifuge commonly used for typical sludge dewatering applications. * High solid recovery can be achieved with this centrifuge even without chemical additives. Uses: Non-perforated basket centrifuge is useful when deposited solids offer high resisttance to the flow of liquid. Conical disc centrifuge: Principle: It is a sedimentation centrifuge. The separation is based on the difference in the the densities between phases under the influence of centrifugal force. In this a number of cone shaped plates are attached to the central shaft (which has provision for feed) at different elevations. During centrifugation, the dense solids are thrown outwards to the underside of cone shaped casing. While lighter clarified liquid passes over bowl and collected from top of the cone. Construction: It consists of shallow form of bowl containing series of conical discs attached to the central shaft at different elevations. The discs are made up of thin sheet of metal or plastic separated by narrow spaces. A concentric tube is placed surrounding the central drive shaft. Working: The feed is introduced into the concentric tube surrounding the drive shaft. The feed flows down and enters the spaces between the discs. The solids and heavier liquids thrown out ward and move underside of the discs. Low speed and short time of centrifugation is sufficient to give high degree of clarification. Uses: * Two immiscible liquids can be easily separated by continuous process after liquid-liquid extraction in manufacture of antibiotics. * Precipitated proteins in manufacture insulin can be clarified. Advantages: * Conical disc centrifuge is compact and occupies very less space. * By controlling speed of rotation and rate of flow, particles are separated into two sizes. * Separating efficiency is very high. Disadvantages: * Capacity of conical disc centrifuge is limited * Construction is complicated * Not suitable if sediment of solids form hard cake. Figure: Conical Disc Centrifuge Tubular bowl centrifuge: The tubular bowl centrifuge has been used for longer than most other designs of centrifuge. It is based on a very simple geometry: it is formed by a tube, of length several times its diameter, rotating between bearings at each end. The process stream enters at the bottom of the centri fuge and high centrifugal forces act to separate out the solids. The bulk of the solids will adhere on the walls of the bowl, while the liquid phase exits at the top of the centrifuge. * As this type of system lacks a provision of solids rejection, the solids can only be removed by stopping the machine, dismantling it and scraping or flushing the solids out manually. Tubular bowl centrifuges have dewatering capacity, but limited solids capacity. Foaming can be a problem unless the system includes special skimming or centripetal pumps. Figure: Tubular bowl centrifuge * This type of centrifuge can also be used to separate immiscible liquids. * Rate of sediment can be control by controlling the inlet rate. * The uses of centrifugal sedimenters include liquid/liquid separation, e. g. during antibiotic manufacture and purification of fish oils, the removal of very small particles, the removal of solids that are Compressible and which easily block the filter medium, The separation of bloo d plasma from whole blood (need C =3000).

Post Secondary Education Comes At A High Price - 864 Words

Post-secondary education comes at a high price. The excitement of graduating college to land the six-figure job is soon destroyed when students realize how much debt they obtain. Dreams of owning a house and starting a family are shattered by the money borrowed to provide and guarantee students an excellent future. Instead of waiting to land the ideal job, students work multiple jobs to help ends meet. Struggling to stay afloat, millions of students become victims of one of the major economic crisis in the United States; Student debt. According to the article â€Å"College on Credit† written in â€Å"The Economist† journal, student debt over the years has risen tremendously. In the course of 10 years, student debt has skyrocketed from $41 billion to $87 billion in 2009. Certain states decisions to increase the tuition fees to assist heal their own budget troubles will only worsen this economic crisis. The article further states how borrowing will continue, if students are unable to pay the tuition. Due to limited government funds, the ever increasing number of students wanting to borrow loans resort to private sources. Even though private loans have become an essential option, students borrowing these loans encounter further obstacles. Students who are unable to receive federal subsidized loans, which offer better forgiveness and numerous repayment options, are stuck with private loans. And due to the high interest rates of these private loans, students encounter further debt.Show MoreRelatedRules Of The American Collegiate Committee872 Words   |  4 PagesSupervisors†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.11 6. TUITION ESTIMATION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 6.1 Subsection: Financial Demographics Defined†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 6.2 Subsection: Removal of Sticker Prices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 6.3 Subsection: Range of Financial Aid Raised†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...14 Dynamic Collegiate Regulator iPoly Congress 2015 Committee: Education Principal Author: Trino Arellano, Elizabeth Basilio, Yuji Karuhaka, Robert Machuca, Karla Milicich, Simrit Sohal, Michelle Villasenor Bill No: N2319 Delegation: SenateRead MoreThe Power of Universal Education Essay example775 Words   |  4 Pagesand succeed, students must learn and study when it is time, not when the students are already out of school. In order for the students to receive the same information, students must all adopt a universal education system. That would mean a standard kindergarten to grade twelve and then post-secondary after-words. A group of people proposed an extra year of school at the cost of the tax players. The government does not agree, and everyone should support them. There are too many variables in the fifthRead MoreIs Post Secondary School Worth It?1405 Words   |  6 PagesE. Lisette Marasigan Mr. Kevin Gurubatham Government/Economics 17 May 2015 Is Post-Secondary School Worth It? In a society where the inflation of the broad economy is going up, it is being beat by the rapidly increasing tuition costs. Everyday people make the decision whether it is worth paying for high college tuition when job wages are decreasing. However, since the wages of jobs are going down it is more important now that people receiving a degree from a college or university. Therefore theyRead MoreIs College Still Worth It?915 Words   |  4 PagesGreat Debate: Is College Still Worth It?† author Ricardo Azziz endorses post-secondary education by stating its economic advantage in today’s society. The author begins his article by introducing a survey done by the American Association of State Colleges and Universities, which shows that the majority of college graduates believe college education is worth its cost. Not only are people convinced of the value of a college education, adults with a degree of some sort (bachelor’s degree or associate degree)Read MoreThe S helby County School System s Goals891 Words   |  4 Pagesenhance the quality of education most accessible to students within Memphis and surrounding counties, if successful it will not only benefit students, but the community as a whole. Target Market Destination 2025 outlines several goals that SCS hopes to achieve. 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As a result, people often find themselves debating on whether or not college is valuable enough to pour hundredsRead MoreHow The Student Loan Debt Crisis Is Undermining Economic And Social Progress Of American Graduates1635 Words   |  7 PagesUndermining the Economic and Social progress of American Graduates Currently, higher education is highly valued as a step in achieving success and earnings potential, but attaining a degree comes at a high cost. Although a very valued asset, the cost to attain a college degree for most students includes getting loans, grants from the government, and sometimes even private loans. Most of these loans come at a high price for students as the interest structure for most student loans is crippling. In factRead MoreCross Cultural Comparison Regarding Technological Unemployment Essay861 Words   |  4 PagesStates and Europe in Struggle†. Research conducted found that increases in automation have significantly decreased employment options for those people who lack sufficient means to complete higher education requirements. This may be in part due to the sharp increases in the cost of post-secondary education. This has led to a sharp decline in the middle class worldwide and a polarization of the lower class and the upper class. Manufacturing jobs were once a way of attaining gainful employment for those

Sexual Education At Middle Or High School - 1152 Words

Imagine you are a parent of teen who is attending middle or high school and one day they came home, and you over heard them having a conversation on the telephone about the sexual education class that the school will be offering. Your heart starts racing because this is the conversation that you have been trying to avoid ever since your teen confided in you that they have a school crush. Could your child be wondering about sexual health? Could he or she be interested in the anatomy of how their bodies function? You wonder how much does your child already know. These are just some of the various questions that pop up in your head as you think of what to do next. Well sexual education should be taught in school and should not be tailored†¦show more content†¦To prepare yourself you have made a list of pros and cons. You also prepare a list of questions and concerns about why they want to give this course to students. Will a sexual health course encourage my child to have sex? Will this class educate my child and what will my child get out of this course? Our children spend about 6.64 hour’s average in school according to the survey done by the National Center for Education Statistics (2007-2008). Those are six or more hours a day where your child is not under your supervision. One thing we know is that these students are interacting on daily basis with each other. They can easily fall into peer pressure and also receive the misinformation about various things. We also have to consider that in today’s society that sex is displayed on billboards, TV commercials, and music videos. Our kids are very curious individuals and could easily be given the wrong information. Sexual health classes can be a great benefit because in an article written by Guttmacher Institute, it says that â€Å"teens rely on their parents, peers and the media to be important sources as to where to get information on sexual health.† Sexual health is a very importan t matter to discuss with your child. While many parents are embarrassed about talking to their teen about sex, the good news is it’s only 19%. However, according to the Planned Parenthood â€Å"half of teens feel uncomfortable about talking to their parents about sex†. You may be the 19% of parents

Beowulf A Mix of Pagan and Christian Traditions Essay

â€Å"Alone shall fight for me, struggle for life against the monster, God must decide who will be given to death’s cold grip. Grendel’s plan, I think, will be what it has been before, to invade this hall and gorge his belly with our bodies.† (Lines 268-273) This quote was said by Beowulf a little while before he fought Grendal. This quote shows that Beowulf is ready to risk his life to save his people from a monster that has killed many people. He does this throughout this epic; fighting battles with different monsters that put his people’s lives in danger. Also during some of the fights he has faith in God and he believes that God will be there to help him when he needs it. Beowulf is a blending of Christian traditions and beliefs such as†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦Now he discovered once the afflicter of men, tormentor of their days what it meant to feud with God: Grendal saw that his strength was deserting him.† (Lines 383-386) T his quote shows that there were Christian traditions in play in this epic. The quote says that Beowulf feuded with God and destroyed Grendal. This was not the only battle in which Beowulf or anyone else risked their life to save someone else. Beowulf risked his life while fighting Grendal’s mother. â€Å"Remember, Hrothgar, Oh knowing king, now when my danger is near, the warm words we uttered, and if your enemy should end my life then be, oh generous prince, forever the father and protector of all whom I leave behind me, here in your hands, my beloved comrades left with no leader, their leader dead.† (Lines 450- 457) Beowulf says this before he goes in and tries to fight Grendal’s mother. The quote shows that he knows that there is a chance that he might not come back. He still remains loyal to his people and goes to fight this enemy. He came back and all the people praised him on his victory. Beowulf’s final fight was against the dragon. Beowulf said, â€Å"I’d use no sword, no weapon, if this beast could be killed without it, crushed to death like Grendal, gripped in my hands and torn limb from limb. But his breath will be burning hot, poison will pour from his tongue. I feel no shame, with shield and sword and armor, against this monster†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (LinesShow MoreRelatedBeowulf: A Mix of Pagan and Christian Traditions Essay647 Words   |  3 Pages Beowulf: A Story Told in One Mothers Point-of-View She, Grendels mother, awakens to the faint sound and smell of the things known as men.   She has been sleeping down in her dark and dingy cave below the world that is known to men. She has been biding her time, and plotting her revenge against the man that murdered her son. All that she had left in the cold and unforgivable world was her only son. Her only child was the being men despised and called Grendel. She lifts her head from the cold cavernRead MoreChristianity : The Rise Of Christianity1512 Words   |  7 PagesPaganism involved polytheistic beliefs with ritualistic tradition and animal sacrifice. This belief was common in the Anglo-Saxon tradition, which is from where the epic poem Beowulf is thought to have originated circa 550 AD. Due to the origins of Beowulf being surrounded by Pagan tradition and culture and reliance on the method of oral recitation of the story, the poem holds Pagan influences. Examples of these influences include the monsters that Beowulf faces in the story, idol worship, and burning theRead MoreBeowulf as a Pagan Oral Tradition Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pages The unknown author of Beowulf uses examples throughout the poem that suggest the story comes from an oral tradition. In the poem Beowulf, a Germanic scop, or bard, recites poetry orally, or in a song, usually telling stories about historical triumphs and adventures. These poe ts were referred to in this epic poem as carriers of tales..., traditional singer[s] deeply schooled in the lore[s] of the past (Beowulf 50). This was common in Germanic culture. Scops would keep folkloric heroes aliveRead MorePaganism In Beowulf1411 Words   |  6 PagesPagan ideas and values were a large influence in the creation of Beowulf due to the period it was created in. As the narrative was passed down by mouth Christianity views were slowly developed into the story. The poem was written after Anglo-Saxons were Christianized, but it is evident that pagan views were still in their mindsets. With these ideals still present, paganism and Christianity were woven into the story, and we see a mix of heroic ideals and self-sacrificing virtues that create a storyRead MoreBeowulf : Portrait Of Anglo Saxon Society Essay2057 Words   |  9 Pages Beowulf: Portrait of Anglo-Saxon Society The Middle Ages in England began with the withdrawal of the Romans and the arrival of various Germanic tribes (the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes), during the mid-fifth century. These tribes, which became known as the Anglo-Saxons, were composed of people from North Germany, Denmark and northern Holland, and took control of most of Britain, except for lands such as Scotland, Wales or Cornwall (Hindley 23). They brought with them the tradition of oralRead More The Use of Magic in Medieval Literature Essay2847 Words   |  12 Pagesmagic and magical creatures has been around for a long time, however, in the time period ranging from Beowulf to Malorys Arthur, there has been an evolution in attitudes and the consequent treatment of magic in medieval literature. The discussion of magic involves not only the disparity between Christian and pagan tradition but also of gender roles, most notably in the Arthurian mythos. Beowulf, Marie De Frances Bisclavret and Lanval, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Sit Thomas Malorys Le MorteRead MoreHistory Of Ancient Poetry Ghosh ( 1 )995 Words   |  4 Pagesriddles, maxims, proverbs, and numerous different knowledge sayings. it s a mix of pagan traditions, thoughts regarding life, the universe and nature, moreover as Christian thought and ethical values. there s usually no clear-cut delineation between spiritual and non-religious poetry or generally even between poetry and prose.English poetry enclosed long epic heroic poems, that player on the Bible moreover as on pagan sources for his or her content. Some poetry was additionally supported historical

Case Study of Air Cargo-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Case Study of Air Cargo. Answer: Introduction The purpose of the report is to prepare a case study on the Air cargo in the United Kingdom. The discussion elaborates around the fundamental reasons for success the success of this service. There is a comparison with another successful and an unsuccessful company. The strategies for how the company can maintain its competitive advantage is thoroughly explained. The report concludes with the notion whether this service is suitable for other companies. The notion of sustainability and its relevance to the company is also discussed in the following case study. The Air Cargo plays a significant role in the modern day supply chains. A major amount of the cargo is carried in the belly hold of the aircraft that is located underneath the passenger cabin (Schramm 2012). The Airports provide for a critical link between the air and the surface modes. In the United Kingdom airport, network approximately 2.5 million tons of freight and mail handled in the year 2014. The cargos carry goods of hig h value density. A few factors affect the development of the airfreight volumes in an airport. They are the location, the airport quality, airport marketing, freight forwarders, environmental restrictions and government legislation. Discussion The discussion elaborates on the Fundamental reasons for success, Comparison to another successful and an unsuccessful company, strategies to maintain its competitive advantage, whether this service is suitable for other companies and the notion of sustainability and its relevance to the company. Fundamental reasons for success The company that is responsible for Air cargo in the United Kingdom is the Air and Cargo Services Ltd. This Company is a British privately owned international freight forwarder that was established in 1972. The company at present has eight branches respectively and is located in the United Kingdom. It has around 75 staff members. The Company receives the basis of their global reach due to the quality networks as the G.L.N; Global Logistics Network helps to specialize in the logistics industry that includes the freight forwarders. The A.O.P, the Air Ocean Partners is also a freight-forwarding network with the principle of networking. These two-quality networks provide services to the Air and Cargo Services Ltd., which is the main cause for the success of the Company (www.aircargo.co.uk, 2017). The Company strives to expand and preserve planned alliances with the finest in-class partners. Each of the trading partners of this Company is dedicated to the provision of flexible, multi-moda l and vigorous services at the market competitive rates. The reasons for success is because of the services that are cost valuable, straight or consolidated import and export services on the first flight available or deferred basis (Tang, Atkinson and Zou, 2012). They provide for local service solutions that are either generic or modified that suits the specific transportation needs of the customer. Comparison to another successful company The Air and Cargo Services Ltd. has a wide-ranging portfolio of vigorous and reliable airfreight services that are specifically proposed to suit the every need from airport to airport through door to door. The Air and Cargo Services Ltd. is compared to the Universal Air Express Ltd (UAE), which is also a global freight forwarder, and logistics provider that offers their clients single source contact and control (Universalairexpress.co.uk, 2017). The difference lies in the factor of their capabilities for their passion for the personalized service striving to improve the supply chain solutions for their clients. This Company combines air, ocean, ground transportation and customer brokerage with a focus on the attention to detail and speed of action. The Universal Air Express Ltd. ensures that the perishable cargo arrives on time. The company guarantees that their prices cannot be beaten. They offer the cheapest prices to all the destinations across the globe. The Company is a speciali st in the airfreight industry and is able to negotiate rates that the other freight forwarders are not able to do. The Company is effective to send the goods by air regardless of the weight or size. The charges for the airfreight are based on per kg rather than cu ft., which make it more advantageous in nature. Comparison to an unsuccessful company The Silverjet airways have suspended services due to shortage of funds. The passengers take a two-way journey but the air cargo is carried in only one direction ranging from production to distribution or consumption centers. This leads to an imbalance between the incoming and the outgoing cargo flows. These imbalances results in large variations in the air cargo rates according to the direction of the air traffic (Akhavan, Jafari and Fathian, 2012). The intervention from the government and the environmental impact is also an issue for the failure of this Company. While when an aircraft is grounded the Air and Cargo Services Ltd. to expedite a return to the air has a specialized and dedicated team that is based at the Heathrow facility, which is on call twenty-four hours per day, seven days per week. From the small, localized picking and packing services to full supply chain solutions, they provide generic local service solutions to meet thelogistics needs of their clients. Strategies for the company to maintain its competitive advantage To maintain the competitive advantage of the company a basic financial planning is necessary. There is display of the powerful business strategies but they are seldom formalized. There has to a knowledge about their own cost formation so that they can estimate the impact of the services or the marketing change (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 2012). The management should confront the long-term implications of decisions and give attention to the potential business impact of the discernible existing trends before the effects are visible in the current income standards. The resource allocation should be both dynamic and creative. There should be new ways to define and satisfy customer needs. There should be strategic business units or organizational entities that can exercise effective control over the factors affecting their business. This concept of Strategic Business unit recognizes two distinct strategic levels that are the corporate decisions, which affect the shape and direction of t he enterprise as a whole, and the various business unit decisions that affect the individual Strategic Business unit operating in its own environment. The strategic management is also necessary to maintain the competitive advantage. This comprises of a planning framework, which cuts across the boundaries of the organization and aids strategic decision making about the customer groups and the resources. The planning process is also required to stimulate entrepreneurial thinking (Hill, Jones and Schilling, 2014). Lastly, a corporate system is necessary to reinforce managers for the commitment to the strategy of the company. The product market planning, business unit planning, shared resource planning, shared concern planning and the corporate level planning are the important steps to be followed to maintain the competitive advantage (Armstrong et al., 2015). There has to be a stress on the competitiveness by focusing on the theme. . The value of the teamwork that leads to the task-ori ented organizational flexibility then the entrepreneurial drive, the commitment to make things take place, open communication and not preservation of confidentiality. There should be a shared belief that this enterprise can create a future of its own without being affected by the environmental change. Being customer centric is also a strategy that may be followed to keep up the competitive advantage. The awareness is how the customer feels at each stage in the process. The company should offer services to more clients. The large number of customers can help to prevent a competitor from gaining access to the market as the customers are already using the service (Huang and Sarigll, 2014). The Company should try to benefit from the overall market growth and grow a share in the respective market. The factor of insurance is also an important reason to maintain the competitive advantage of the Air and Cargo Services Ltd. The insured cargo does not require a deposit before the release at t he destination. All the carriers that operate in the supply chain are under the limited liability. This helps to keep the customers interested and keep on using the services of this Company. Whether suitable for other companies and why Just like many other companies, the air cargo companies also need to follow several methods for their smooth functioning (Wada, Delgado and Pagnoncelli, 2017). A very good example can be the Air and Cargo service ltd. UK. Just as all other companies, the air cargo company also is concerned about the customer satisfaction issue. In this present scenario, the customers have not only increased their demands but also diversified them. They are always in search of easy and faster services. Customers nowadays prefer supply chain visibility. This, in turn, is directly related to customer satisfaction. Therefore, there was the adoption of the visibility mode in each line possible like SMS tracking, the internet etc. Providing due importance on this aspect of customer satisfaction is of utmost importance for attaining success. Apart from this, maintaining the cost side visibility is also of immense importance. This cargo company tries its level best to keep the race of all the expenditures ta king place, of a day sales outstanding metric optimization system so that there is negligible or no chance of any mistakes (Baxter, Kourousis and Wild, 2014). It is also very much important for the company to scale up quickly. Freight Forwarding or FF is a business that is largely dependent on its scale up business (Piecyk and Bjrklund, 2015). As it is an air cargo company, it is very much obvious that there will be some sort of pollutions or harmful emissions due to the various production purposes. Hence, it is very much important for the company to make proper arrangements to deal with such emissions and reduce it by adopting the necessary preventive measures. Methods that are used by this company are green metrics and carbon emission tracker. The company considers making investments in the infrastructure in order to keep it pollution free. Similarly, if other cargo companies like Universal Air Express Ltd., also adopts this measure of investing in the infrastructure then it will be very beneficial for them. This is because they will also be able to control pollution and this will obviously be an added advantage in their attempt of not only keeping the environment clean but also in maintaining the customer satisfaction level (Sharma et al., 2016). Another important factor towards success is that of introspection that is the initial stage of self-judgment and analysis, the company must be able to analyze itself that is examining the status at present in the market. In other words, the company must be able to find out its own position in the present market scenario (May et al., 2014). It is only then when they will be able to understand their strategies that they must be adopted in the near future (Lakew, 2014). Other companies also must apply this initial stage of introspection in order to analyze their own status in the present market scenario. The next step towards success is focusing on the strengths that the company can utilize in order to work over and improve their weakness and threats. Client understanding are also one key area that Air and Cargo Service Ltd. has taken very seriously, they make sure to understand the needs of their clients and cater to them accordingly because they know that every client is different and naturally their demands also will be varying in nature (Lam and Lai, 2015). This method indeed will be very beneficial for any other cargo companies as well because developing and maintaining a good client relationship is of utmost importance. Moreover, the success of a company is largely dependent on its customer base. Hence, the companies must thrive towards fulfilling all the needs and demands of their customers. The next important step towards the success of this company is servicing and marketing, if a cargo company can provide best rates and service along with rates, then no can stop that company from success. Lastly, this company over the years has also developed a good marketing team. This has made the company very popular on a global basis. Any other cargo company must also adopt these methods in order to attain success and recognition in the end, since marketing and advertising is a very crucial part in the success story of any business organization. Concept of Sustainability and its relevance to the Company Sustainability in its real sense means the techniques or the tactics that a company uses for its survival in the end (Ziegler, 2015). It also takes into account the different policies undertaken by an organization for the maintenance the proper environmental balance. Each company in today's scenario must be aware of the different environmental problems that might occur due to any harmful chemicals that might be released during any of their activities. Sustainability is also one of the main priorities of the cargo companies on a global basis. The company must check the emission of any harmful chemicals into the atmosphere; it must also check the usage of carbon and nitrogen oxides and must start adopting eco-friendly fuels and diesel. Conclusion Thereby, this report is elaborated on the case study of the Air Cargo in the United Kingdom. The discussion elaborates around the fundamental reasons for success the success of this service. There is a comparison with another successful and an unsuccessful company. The strategies for how the company can maintain its competitive advantage is thoroughly explained. The report concludes with the notion whether this service is suitable for other companies. The notion of sustainability and its relevance to the company is also discussed in the following case study. The Air Cargo plays a significant role in the modern day supply chains. References Akhavan, P., Jafari, M. and Fathian, M., 2012. Exploring the failure factors of implementing knowledge management system in the organizations. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Baxter, G., Kourousis, K. and Wild, G., 2014. Fire Resistant Aircraft Unit Load Devices and Fire Containment Covers: A New Development in the Global Air Cargo Industry.Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management,6(2), pp.202-209. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R.E., 2012.Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Huang, R. and Sarigll, E., 2014. How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. InFashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors(pp. 113-132). Springer New York. Lakew, P.A., 2014. Economies of traffic density and scale in the integrated air cargo industry: The cost structures of FedEx Express and UPS Airlines.Journal of Air Transport Management,35, pp.29-38. Lam, J.S.L. and Lai, K.H., 2015. Developing environmental sustainability by ANP-QFD approach: the case of shipping operations.Journal of cleaner production,105, pp.275-284. Lam, J.S.L. and Lai, K.H., 2015. Developing environmental sustainability by ANP-QFD approach: the case of shipping operations.Journal of cleaner production,105, pp.275-284. May, A., Anslow, A., Wu, Y., Ojiako, U., Chipulu, M. and Marshall, A., 2014. Prioritisation of performance indicators in air cargo demand management: an insight from industry.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,19(1), pp.108-113. May, A., Anslow, A., Wu, Y., Ojiako, U., Chipulu, M. and Marshall, A., 2014. Prioritisation of performance indicators in air cargo demand management: an insight from industry.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,19(1), pp.108-113. Piecyk, M.I. and Bjrklund, M., 2015. Logistics service providers and corporate social responsibility: sustainability reporting in the logistics industry.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,45(5), pp.459-485. Schramm, H.J., 2012. Introduction. InFreight Forwarder's Intermediary Role in Multimodal Transport Chains(pp. 1-12). Physica-Verlag HD. Sharma, S., Malik, J., Wilson, S., Sehgal, M., Kumar, S., Zia, H., Mohan, I. and Kumar, A., 2016. Measures to Control Air Pollution in Urban Centres of India.TERI Policy Brief, pp.1-20. Tang, L.C., Atkinson, B. and Zou, R.R., 2012. An entropy-based SWOT evaluation process of critical success factors for international market entry: A case study of a medium-sized consulting company.Construction Management and Economics,30(10), pp.821-834. Universalairexpress.co.uk (2017).Universal Air Express | Fast Cargo around the world. [online] Universalairexpress.co.uk. Available at: https://www.universalairexpress.co.uk/controller.php?action=Page_Home [Accessed 19 Aug. 2017]. Wada, M., Delgado, F. and Pagnoncelli, B.K., 2017. A risk averse approach to the capacity allocation problem in the airline cargo industry.Journal of the Operational Research Society,68(6), pp.643-651. Ziegler, T., 2015. Reducing Diesel Emissions, Improving Air Quality, and Promoting Environmental Justice in Southwest Detroit. www.aircargo.co.uk (2017).Air Cargo Services Ltd.. [online] Aircargo.co.uk. Available at: https://www.aircargo.co.uk/ [Accessed 19 Aug. 2017].

Portfolio Management And Diversification Essays - Finance, Money

Portfolio Management And Diversification PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT AND DIVERSIFICATION Introduction: Portfolio management is a conglomeration of securities as whole, rather than unrelated individual holdings. Portfolio management stresses the selection of securities for inclusion in the portfolio based on that securitys contribution to the portfolio as a whole. This purposes that there some synergy or some interaction among the securities results in the total portfolio effect being something more than the sum of its parts. When the securities are combined in a portfolio, the return on the portfolio will be an average of the returns of the securities in the portfolio. For example, if a portfolio was comprised on equal positions in two securities, whose returns are 15% and 20%, the return on the portfolio, will the average of the returns of the two securities in the portfolio, or 17.5%. From this we will discuss the process of creating a diversified portfolio. The diversified portfolio is a theory of investing that reduces the risk of losing all your money when all your eggs are not i n one basket. Diversification limits your risk an over the long run, can improve your total returns. This is achieved by putting assets in several categories of investments. Portfolio Process: The portfolio process is as follows: 1. Designing an investment objective; 2. Developing and implementing an asset mix; 3. Monitoring the economy and the markets; 4. Adjusting the portfolio and measuring the performance Due to the intensity of each of the four items, we will be covering only the first two. 1. Investment Objective: This topic is broad and contains three major divisions. They are foundation objectives, constraints and major objectives. Foundation Objectives: These objectives generally receive the most attention from investors and are determined by thorough determination of your needs, preferences and resources. Return you need to determine whether you prefer a strategy of return maximization, where assets are invested to make the greatest return possible while staying within the risk tolerance level, or whether a required minimum return with certainty is preferable, generating only as much return with emphasis on risk reduction. Risk There are many ways to assess the risk tolerance of any particular investor, from the least knowledgeable of investments to the very sophisticated investor. Besides the risk you are willing to take, there must be a measure of the risk associated with each security be considered for the inclusion in the portfolio. It is important to recognize the difference between the risk of an individual security and the risk of the portfolio as a whole. The risk of a portfolio is less than the average risk of its holdings, your risk tolerance should be matched to the risk of the overall portfolio and not to the risk of each security. Inflation Although some degree of inflation protection is needed, the extent will vary depending upon the time horizon and the goal of using the portfolio to generate income for future cash consideration. Whereas, someone using a short term trading strategy and interested in maximization of capital gains may concentrate less on this factor. Time Horizon - The time horizon is the period of time from the present until the next major change in your circumstances. A good portfolio design will reflect this time change. For example at 25 years of age and normal retirement at age 60 does not necessarily mean the time horizon is 35 years. Different events in your life can represent the end of one time horizon and the beginning of a new time horizon and a need for a complete rebalancing of your portfolio. These events could include finishing university, purchase of a new home and many others beside retirement. Liquidity - In portfolio management this is the amount of cash and near-cash in the portfolio. For liquidity purposes, if you are wealthy and risk tolerant you may choice to have about 5% of your portfolio in cash, this does mean that the cash component will never rise above 5% due to the market cycle. Whereas those who are risk adverse may choice to have 10% or more in cash. Taxation - The level of taxation will determine the choices that are made in regards to the choice of tax advantaged securities such as some limited partnerships